PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT PADA MODEL OPERASIONAL DESA SIAGA DHS-2 DI KOTA MATARAM
Dharma Cakrawartana Sutra, Dra. Yayi Suryo Prabandari, M.Si, Ph.D
2011 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan MasyarakatLatar belakang: Kota Mataram sebagai ibu kota Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) menghadapi masalah kesehatan, seperti kematian ibu maternal nomor urut 3 dari 10 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi NTB, penyakit DBD, diare, GO dan AIDS. Dalam rangka mengatasi masalah-masalah kesehatan tersebut, dikembangkan desa siaga dengan bantuan dana dari proyek DHS-2. Desa siaga merupakan pendekatan baru pembangunan kesehatan, yang mengedepankan pemberdayaan masyarakat. Proyek DHS-2 memberikan dukungan dana, sarana dan penempatan fasilitator yang bekerja penuh waktu dalam mengembangkan desa siaga di Kota Mataram. Pemberian dukungan dana dan sarana dalam proses pemberdayaan masyarakat memiliki efek negatif maupun positif, sangat tergantung pada pengelolaannya. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan kajian tentang implementasi pemberdayaan masyarakat di desa siaga DHS-2 di Kota Mataram. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengeksplorasi pengalaman dan permasalahan dalam implementasi pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam model operasional desa siaga DHS-2 di Kota Mataram. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian kualitatif yang melibatkan 65 orang informan, terdiri dari 5 bidan, 5 lurah, 5 kepala lingkungan, 5 petugas puskesmas, 2 kader posyandu, 1 fasilitator desa siaga, 2 petugas Dinas Kesehatan Kota Mataram,dan 40 orang pengurus desa siaga kelurahan. Data diambil secara purposive pada 5 kelurahan, yaitu Ampenan Selatan, Pagutan Timur, Mataram Timur, Dasan Cermen dan Selagalas. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam, diskusi kelompok terarah (FGD) dan observasi. Triangulasi metode dan triangulasi sumber dipakai untuk menguji keabsahan data. Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik content analysis. Hasil dan Pembahasan: Pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam model operasional desa siaga DHS-2 berdasarkan perspektif profesional kesehatan, bukan berdasarkan aspirasi masyarakat. Pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pengembangan desa siaga, dilakukan dengan penyediaan fasilitator, pemberian dukungan dana dan sarana, pengorganisasian masyarakat, pengkajian masalah kesehatan dan perencanaan partisipatif. Pemberian bantuan dana dan sarana oleh proyek DHS-2 bermanfaat bagi masyarakat, tetapi belum dapat menjadi stimuli bagi masyarakat untuk menggali dan mengembangkan sumberdaya internal masyarakat. Keterlibatan masyarakat dalam desa siaga masih terbatas pada orang-orang yang mengatasnamakan diri wakil masyarakat. Pengembangan desa siaga DHS-2, baru melaksanakan inisiasi pemberdayaan masyarakat. Masyarakat hanya melakukan apa yang diperintahkan oleh proyek DHS-2 dan petugas kesehatan. Inisiatif, kreativitas dan mobilisasi sumberdaya masyarakat belum muncul. Kelemahan terdapat pada penyiapan masyarakat, peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat dan kepemimpinan organisasi masyarakat. Kesimpulan: Model operasional desa siaga sudah mengimplementasikan pemberdayaan masyarakat, tetapi masih tergolong inisiasi. Kegagalan pemberdayaan masyarakat, terjadi karena lemah pada penyiapan masyarakat, peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat dan kepemimpinan organisasi masyarakat.
Background: Mataram Municipality facing health problems, such as maternal mortality that rank 3 in ten districts in West Nusa Tenggara Province, as well as dengue, diarrhea, GO and AIDS. In order to overcome these health problems, alert village was develop by DHS-2 project. Alert village implemented based on community empowerment. Fund and facilities support have negative and positive effects to community empowerment. Therefore, there was a need to asses community empowerment implementation in operational model alert village of DHS-2 in Mataram Municipality. rd Objective: to explore the experiences and problems within community empowerment implementation in operational model alert village of DHS-2 in Mataram. Methods: Qualitative research involving 65 informants. Informants consisted of 5 midwifes, 5 village chiefs, 5 sub village chiefs, 5 health center staff, 2 integrated health post cadres, 1 person alert village facilitator, 2 officer Health Department of Mataram Municipality, and 40 alert village managing committee. Data was chosen purposively at five villages that were South Ampenan, East of Pagutan, East of Mataram, Dasan Cermen and Selagalas. Data was collected by in-depth interviews, focus group discussion (FGD) and observation. Triangulation on methods and informans/source were used in assessing the trustworthiness of data. Data analysis was carried out through data transcript, open coding, axial coding, data presentation and making conclusion. Results and Discussion: Operational model alert village development by DHS-2 project showed implementation community empowerment based on the health professional perspective. DHS-2 project have supported facilitator, fund, and facilities to develop operational model alert village. There were similarity procedure between operational model alert village of DHS-2 with community empowerment i.e. prepare of community, community organizing, assessment of health problems and participatory planning. The support of funds and facilities by DHS-2 project beneficial for community, but can not be a stimulus for the community to explore and develop the internal resources of community. Operational model alert village of DHS-2, have just reached initiative phase in community empowerment. Community have carried out procedure that was ordered by DHS-2 project and health workers. Initiative, creativity and community resource mobilization has not emerged. There were weaknesses in prepare the community, community capacity building and community organizations leadership. Conclusion: operational model alert village of DHS-2 has been implemented community empowerment, but still quite initiation. The failure of community empowerment occurs because of weakness in preparation of the community, community capacity building and community organizations leadership.
Kata Kunci : desa siaga, pemberdayaan masyarakat
