IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PARKIR DI TEPI JALAN UMUM DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

Zulkifli Mohammad, Dr. Anna Marie Wattie, M.A.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Mag.Studi Kebijakan

Di Kota Yogyakarta parkir seakan menjadi lahan bisnis, yakni bagi pengelola pusat perbelanjaan dengan fasilitas parkir yang biasa disebut parkir swasta, dan bagi pemerintah daerah sebagai variabel pendapatan asli daerah (PAD) lewat retribusi parkir di tepi jalan umum (TJU) dan retribusi tempat khusus parkir (TKP). Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta menetapkan Perda No. 18 Tahun 2009 tentang Perparkiran dan Perda No. 19 Tahun 2009 tentang Retribusi Pelayanan Parkir di Tepi Jalan Umum. Mulai tahun 2010 Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta, sesuai Perda Perparkiran dan Perda Retribusi Parkir Tepi Jalan, memberlakukan kenaikan tarif parkir untuk semua jenis kendaraan, menyederhanakan kawasan, dan menambah porsi bagi hasil pungutan retribusi parkir kepada juru parkir. Dengan kebijakan ini diharapkan penerimaan retribusi parkir meningkat, pelayanan parkir lebih aman dan nyaman, dan arus lalu lintas lancar. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini meneliti bagaimana implementasi kebijakan parkir di tepi jalan umum berdasarkan Perda Perparkiran dan Perda Retribusi Parkir Tepi Jalan dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan atau ketidakberhasilan implementasi kebijakan tersebut. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, dapat disimpulkan kebijakan parkir di tepi jalan umum dengan mengacu pada indikatorindikator yang ada tidak terimplementasikan secara baik. Pada proses implementasi ditemukan juru parkir tidak memberi karcis, memakai karcis secara berulang, memungut retribusi tidak sesuai ketentuan, juru parkir tidak berijin atau membuka lokasi parkir di tempat larangan parkir, dan perilaku juru parkir yang tidak berseragam. Akibatnya, bagi hasil pendapatan parkir tidak berjalan efektif, yakni penghitungan bagi hasil berdasarkan jumlah karcis tidak berjalan disebabkan pemakaian karcis berulang. Praktik tersebut bersama dengan adanya parkir tidak berijin merugikan potensi penerimaan parkir yang seharusnya masuk ke kas daerah. Dari sudut pandang pengguna parkir, pelayanan parkir di tepi jalan umum buruk. Pengguna parkir mengeluhkan pelayanan juru parkir yang tidak profesional dan tidak nyamannya lokasi parkir di tepi jalan. Hal-hal tersebut menyebabkan implementasi kebijakan parkir tidak berhasil. Ketidakberhasilan itu dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain sosialisasi kebijakan parkir yang parsial oleh implementor, keterbatasan jumlah aparatur pengawasan, komitmen dan dukungan juru parkir yang rendah, komitmen penegakan hukum yang rendah, perilaku pengguna parkir yang parkir di lokasi larangan parkir, dan koordinasi yang tidak efektif antara implementor dengan instansi terkait lain. Implementasi kebijakan parkir yang tidak baik tersebut menimbulkan ketidakpuasan pengguna parkir dan tidak terjaminnya kelancaran lalu lintas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, penulis merekomendasikan beberapa hal antara lain: 1) menambah jumlah aparatur pengawasan, 2) penegakan hukum terhadap parkir tidak berijin, 3) melakukan sosialisasi dan pembinaan terhadap juru parkir dan pengguna parkir, dan 4) mengefektifkan kelompok kerja parkir untuk mengkoordinasikan wewenang perparkiran.

It is commonly known that parking in the city of Yogyakarta has been a commercial enterprise, for the management of shopping malls that have parking lots commonly called private parking, and for local governments as a source of local revenue (PAD) through parking charges at the edge of public roads (TJU) and levy charges at a special parking place (TKP). Therefore, the Yogyakarta Government set the Local Regulation No. 18/2009 on Parking and Local Regulation No. 19/2009 on Parking Charges on Public Road. Beginning in 2010 the Yogyakarta government raised the parking fees for all types of vehicles, simplifying the region, and increasing the portion of the parking income to parking workers. With acceptance of this policy, it is expected that parking revenues augmented, parking services will be more secure and comfortable, and smooth traffic guaranteed. Based on this, the study seeks to examine how the implementation of parking policy on the public roads as set out in the parking laws and regulations and what factors influence the successful or unsuccessful implementation of the on-street parking policy. By using qualitative and descriptive research methods, it was concluded that the on-street parking policy by reference to the indicators specified in the laws and local regulations, failed to be implemented properly. On the implementing process, several parking workers was found not to give parking tickets, using tickets repeatedly, do not collect fees as applicable, unlawful parking or set parking place on-site parking restrictions, and indecent parking worker behaviors. As a result, parking revenue sharing has not been effective, as a calculation for the results based on the number of tickets is not running due to repetitive use of the ticket. Such practices along with other parking offences brought the detriment to revenue potential that should go into the local treasury. From the parking users point of view, the service and facility of on-street parking is generally bad. Users complained about the services delivered, and uncomfortable location of parking. These lead to the on-street parking policy implementation does not work as suggested by the parking regulation. Implementation failure was influenced by several factors including the partial socialization of parking policies, the limited number of supervision and law enforcement staffs, low commitment and meagre support on the part of parking workers, the low commitment of law enforcement, the behavior of parking users who park on-site parking ban, and ineffective coordination between the implementer with other relevant agencies. The policy implementation that is not such good cause user dissatisfaction and overburdened circulating traffic. Based on these findings, the author recommended several solutions, among others: 1) increasing the number of supervisory personnel to monitor based on a daily basis, 2) the law enforcement, particularly to unlawful parking place and parking-related contraventions, 3) information dissemination and training for parking workers and parking users about parking and rule of the road, and 4) making more effective the parking working group to coordinate parking authorities and parking problems.

Kata Kunci : implementasi kebijakan parkir, retribusi parkir, parkir tepi jalan umum, ketidakberhasilan implementasi kebijakan.