SUPLEMENTASI SUMBER ENERGI DAN PROTEIN BERBEDA DEGRADASI PADA PAKAN BASAL TUMPI JAGUNG DAN KULIT KOPI TERHADAP KINERJA SAPI POTONG

DICKY PAMUNGKAS, Prof. Dr.Ir. Ristianto Utomo, MS

2011 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Peternakan

Pemanfaatan sisa hasil pertanian sebagai pakan basal dan suplemen menjadi hal yang strategis untuk dikembangkan dalam pembuatan ransum seimbang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan konsep pemanfaatan sisa hasil pertanian sebagai pakan yang tepat berdasarkan laju degradasi pakan sumber energi dan protein guna meningkatkan pertumbuhan sapi potong. Penelitian berlangsung tiga tahap. Penelitian tahap I, mempelajari nilai nutrisi pakan basal dan suplemen, menetapkan kecernaan in vitro dan in sacco bahan pakan basal dan suplemen dan menentukan kombinasi pakan basal dan pakan suplemen yang terbaik berdasarkan nilai nutrisi dan kecernaannya. Hasil penelitian Tahap I menunjukkan bahwa protein kasar tumpi jagung (8,7 %) lebih tinggi dibandingkan kulit kopi (6,6 %); sedangkan kandungan NDF and ADF kulit kopi lebih tinggi dibanding tumpi jagung. Kombinasi tumpi jagung 80 % dan kulit kopi 20 % merupakan imbangan terbaik sebagai pakan basal. Suplemen EDC/PDC pada pakan basal menghasilkan laju kecernaan tertinggi berdasarkan degradasi in vitro dan in sacco. Penelitian tahap II, menentukan kinetika hasil fermentasi rumen sapi yang diberi pakan basal dan suplemen sumber energi dan protein. Pengukuran kinetika hasil fermentasi rumen menggunakan 4 ekor sapi berfistula melalui 4 periode, masing-masing dilaksanakan selama 7 hari. Sapi yang berbeda mendapat kesempatan yang sama memperoleh: (1) pakan basal (PB), (2) PB+ suplemen EDC/PDL, (3) PB+ suplemen EDL/PDL, dan (4) PB+ suplemen EDC/PDC. Parameter yang diukur: kinetika hasil fermentasi (pH, NH3, dan VFA), kandungan protein biomasa mikrobia, dan jumlah total protozoa. Data kinetika hasil fermentasi yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan cross over design dan data kandungan protein biomasa mikrobia menggunakan one way analysis of variance. Hasil penelitian Tahap II menunjukkan bahwa PB+ EDC+PDC menghasilkan pH terendah (6,31), konsentrasi NH3 (49,62 mg/l) dan VFA (67,45 mmol/l) cairan rumen tertinggi. Antar perlakuan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan terhadap kandungan protein biomasa mikrobia dan jumlah total protozoa. Berdasarkan kinetika hasil fermentasi rumen, pakan basal yang mendapat suplementasi EDC/PDC merupakan alternatif terbaik untuk digunakan sebagai pakan yang diujicobakan dalam tahap selanjutnya. Penelitian tahap III, merupakan tahap uji pakan coba ke ternak, bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh suplementasi EDC/PDC dalam pakan basal tumpi jagung dan kulit kopi terhadap konsumsi dan konversi pakan, kecernaan in vivo, derivat purin, sintesis mikrobia rumen dan laju pertumbuhan sapi potong. Sebanyak 20 ekor sapi PO jantan muda dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan pemberian pakan, yaitu : (R0) Rumput gajah : Suplemen = 60 : 40 (sebagai Kontrol), (R1) Rumput gajah : Pakan basal + Suplemen = (30 : 30) : 40, (R2) Pakan basal : Suplemen = 60 : 40, (R3) Pakan basal : Suplemen = 40 : 60 dan (R4) Pakan basal : Suplemen = 30 : 70. Parameter yang diamati: konsumsi dan kecernaan (in vivo), pertambahan bobot badan dan konversi ransum, síntesis protein mikrobia, serta nilai ekonomis ransum. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok. Hasil penelitian tahap III menunjukkan bahwa bahwa konsumsi total BK masing-masing perlakuan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan, yakni berkisar 5,66 – 6,69 kg/ek/hr atau 2,49- 2,59% BB. Konsumsi total PK per BB0,75 tertinggi (P<0,01) terdapat pada perlakuan R3 (13,18 g/kgBB 0,75 ) diikuti R4 (12,11 g/kgBB 0,75), R0 (9,63 g/kgBB0,75) R2 (9,40 g/kgBB 0,75 )dan R1 (6,76 g/kgBB 0,75). Penggantian rumput gajah dengan tumpi jagung dan kulit kopi sebagai pakan basal tidak menunjukkan perbedaan terhadap DPE, SNM dan SPM, namun menaikkan secara nyata (P<0,05) PT, SKT, ETNT, TDN ransum, dan keseimbangan nitrogen. Ketersediaan protein dan energi masing-masing perlakuan juga menunjukkan peningkatan, sehingga terjadi kenaikan PBB, dan penurunan angka konversi ransum. Pakan basal yang disuplementasi EDC+PDC pada imbangan pakan basal 40: 60 suplemen menunjukkan kenaikan BB tertinggi (0,86 kg/hr) dan penurunan konversi ransum terendah (7,92). Disimpulkan bahwa campuran tumpi jagung dan kulit kopi (imbangan TJ 80:20 KK) dapat digunakan sebagai pakan basal menggantikan rumput gajah dan akan lebih optimal apabila diberikan suplemen berupa pakan sumber energi dan protein terdegradasi cepat dalam imbangan pakan basal 40: 60 suplemen.

The use of agricultural by product as basal diet and supplement was strategically developed to design balanced ration. This research aimed to obtain the proper concept of the agricultural by product usages based on the different rate of energy and protein sources of feed in related to increase the growth rate of beef cattle. The research was carried out into three studies. Study 1, to examine the nutritive value of basal diet and supplement, to determine in vitro and in sacco degradability and to determine the best combination of basal diet and supplement based on nutritive value and degradability. Results of Study 1 showed that crude protein of corn waste (8.7%) was higher than that of coffee pulps (6.6%); while NDF and ADF of coffee pulps was higher than those on corn waste. The mixture of corn waste 80 % and coffee pulps 20 % was the best ratio for basal diet. The supplement EDC/PDC at basal diet resulting in the highest degradability both on in vitro and in sacco. In Study 2, rumen fermentation kinetics of cattle fed basal diet and supplemented by energy and protein sources were determined. Measuring fermentation kinetics, four fistulated cows were used within four period. Each period was done as long as 7 days. The cows were get the same chance to receive feed as follows: (1) basal diet (PB), (2) PB+ supplement EDC/PDL, (3) PB+ supplemen EDL/PDL, and (4) PB+ supplement EDC/PDC. Parameters measured were: fermentation kinetics (pH, NH3, and VFA), microbial biomass protein, and total number of protozoa. Data of fermentation kinetics were analyzed by cross over design and data of microbial biomass protein was by one way analysis of variance. Resuls of study 2 showed that the pH of PB+ EDC+PDC was the lowest (6.31), meanwhile concentration of NH3 and VFA of rumen fluid were the highest, which were 49.62 mg/l and 67.45 mmol/l, respectively. Within treaments were not different on microbial biomass protein and total number of protozoa. Based on rumen fermentation kinetics, the basal diet supplemented by EDC/PDC was the best choice to be used as feed and tested for feeding trials. Study 3 was the stage for feeding trials to animals and aimed to know the effects of supplementing EDC/PDC in basal diet on feed intake and conversion, in vivo digestibility, purine derivative, rumen microbial synthesis and growth rate of beef cattle. As of 20 young male of Ongole Crossbred cattle were divided into five group of feeding such as : (R0) elephant grass : Supplement = 60 : 40 (as Control), (R1) elephant grass : PB + Supplement = (30 : 30) : 40, (R2) PB : Supplement = 60 : 40, (R3) PB : Supplement = 40 : 60 and (R4) PB : Supplement = 30 : 70. Parameter measured were: feed intake and in vivo digestbility, daily gain weight and feed conversion, microbial protein synthesis, and feed efficiency. Data were analyzed by Completely Group Design. Result on Study 3 showed that total DM intake of treatments was no significant different which range 5.66 – 6.69 kg/head/d or 2.49- 2.59% of LW. The highest (P<0,01) of total CP intake per LW 0.75 was at R3 (13.8 g/kgLW .75) followed by R4 (12.11 g/kgLW 0.75), R0 (9.63 g/kgLW .75), R2 (9.40 g/kgLW 0.75) and R1 (6.76 g/kgLW 0.75). Substitution of elephant grass by corn waste and coffee pulps as basal diet was no effect on DPE, SNM and SPM, however, it increased (P<0.05) PT, SKT, ETNT, TDN diet, and nitrogen balance. The availability of protein and energy within treatments was also increase, so it increased daily gain weight and decreased feed conversion ratio. Basal diet supplemented by EDC+PDC at ratio of basal diet 40: 60 supplement showed the highest in daily gain (0.86 kg/d) and the lowest of feed conversion (7.92). It can be conluded that the mixture of corn waste and coffee pulps (at the ratio of TJ80:20 KK) can be used in replacing elephant grass as basal diet and it will be optimised if supplemented by the mixture of the protein and energy sources with high degraded, especially at the ratio of basal diet 40 : 60 supplement.

Kata Kunci : Tumpi Jagung, Kulit Kopi, Pakan Basal, Suplemen, Degradasi Rumen