PENGARUH SUHU, KELEMBABAN, CURAH HUJAN, KECEPATAN ANGIN DAN TINGKAT PENYINARAN MATAHARI TERHADAP FLUKTUASI ENDEMISITAS MALARIA DI KOTA TERNATE

Ilham Sahuleka, Prof. dr. Muhammad Juffrie, Sp.A(K)., Ph.D.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis

Latar belakang: Wilayah Kota Ternate dan Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan di Provinsi Maluku Utara yang dikategorikan endemis malaria, sehingga pada tanggal 23-24 April 2010 Menteri Kesehatan RI meresmikan Malaria Center di Labuha Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan dan Kota Ternate sebagai puncak acara peringatan Hari Malaria Sedunia. Secara geografis Ternate merupakan pelabuhan transit antar Provinsi, pusat perdagangan dan pendidikan di Provinsi Maluku Utara sehingga sangat mempermudah transmisi penyebaran malaria. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui pengaruh naik-turun dan tinggi-rendahnya unsurunsur iklim (suhu udara, kelembaban udara, curah hujan, kecepatan angin dan tingkat penyinaran matahari) terhadap fluktuasi kasus malaria di Kota Ternate. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional, dengan berdasarkan data angka kejadian Tahunan atau Anual Malaria Incidence (AMI), angka kejadian bulanan atau Month Malaria Incidence (MOMI) serta data iklim dari BMKG Tahun 2008, 2009, 2010 (januari s/d november) di Kota Ternate. Hasil: Analisis tahun 2008 suhu r= -0.608, p= 0.038 di puskesmas Kota, r= - 0.690, p= 0.013 di puskesmas Sulamadaha, kelembaban r= 0.632, p= 0.027 di puskesmas Siko dan kecepatan angin r= -0.612, p= 0.034 di puskesmas Kalumpang. Tahun 2009 suhu r= -0.640, p= 0.025 di puskesmas Siko, kelembaban r=- 0.727, p= 0.007 di puskesmas Kota, r= -0.653, p= 0.021 di puskesmas Kalumata, r= -0.610, p= 0.035 di puskesmas Siko, r= -0.610, p= 0.035, puskesmas Sulamadaha r= -0.874, p= 0.000. Curah hujan dengan nilai r= -0.606, p= 0.037 di puskesmas Kota, r= -0.783, p= 0.003 di puskesmas Siko, dan penyinaran matahari dengan nilai r= 0.596, p= 0.041di puskesmas Siko dan tahun 2010 suhu r= 0.617, p= 0.043 di puskesmas Kota, r= 0.839, p= 0.001 di puskesmas Kalumata, curah hujan r= -0.718, p= 0.013 di puskesmas Siko, kecepatan angin r= 0.892, p= 0.000 di puskesmas Kota, r= 0.740, p= 0.009 di puskesmas Siko, r= 0.820, p= 0.002 di puskesmas Kalumpang dan r= 0.705, p= 0.015 di puskesmas Sulamadaha, dengan nilai signifikansi p<0.05 . Kesimpulan: fluktuasi endemisitas malaria di Kota Ternate, ada hubungannya dengan kenaikan suhu, kenaikan kelembaban udara, tingginya curah hujan, kecepatan angin yang rendah dan tingginya penyinaran matahari.

Background: Ternate City and South Halmahera Regency in North Moluccas Province is categorized as malaria endemic. Therefore, from 23 – 24 April 2010 the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia announces officialy Malaria Center in Labuha South Halmahera Regency and Ternate City as commemoration of World Malaria Day. Ternate City is an interprovincial transitory port, trade center, and education in North Moluccas Province so it facilitates the transmission of malaria. Objective: This study is to find out the effect of fluctuative climate elements, i.e. temperature, moisture, rainfall, wind speed, and sun light rate on the fluctuation of malaria endemicity in Ternate City. Method: This study used an observational method with a cross-sectional design. It used various data, including Annual Malaria Incidence (AMI), Month Malaria Incidence (MOMI), and climate data from BMKG of 2008, 2009, 2010 (January to November) in Ternate City. Result: The analysis of 2008 temperature r= -0.608 with p= 0.038 in PHC of Ternate City, r= -0.690 with p= 0.013 in PHC of Sulamadaha, humidity r= 0.632 with p= 0.027 in PHC of Siko and wind speed r= -0.612 with p= 0.034 in PHC of Kalumpang. In 2009 the temperature r= -0.640, with p= 0.025 in PHC of Siko, humidity r= - 0.727 with p= 0.007 in PHC of Ternate City, r= -0.653 with p= 0.021 in PHC of Kalumata, r= -0.610 with p= 0.035 in PHC of Siko, r= -0.874 with p= 0.000 in PHC of Sulamadaha, Rainfall with r= -0606 with p= 0037 in PHC of Ternate City, r= -0783 with p= 0.003 in PHC of Siko and solar radiation level with r= 0.596 with p= 0.041 in PHC of Siko. In 2010 temperature r= 0.617 with p= 0.043 in PHC of Ternate City , r= 0.839 with p= 0.001 in PHC of Kalumata, rainfall r= -0.718 with p= 0.013 in PHC of Siko, wind speed r= 0.892 with p= 0.000 in PHC of Ternate City , r= 0.740 with p= 0.009 in PHC of Siko, r= 0.820 with p= 0.002 in PHC of Kalumpang and r= 0.705 with p= 0.015 in PHC of Sulamadaha with significance value p <0.05. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between the increased fluctuation of malaria endemicity in Ternate City and the increased temperature, moisture, high rainfall, low level of wind speed, and the high rate of solar radiation.

Kata Kunci : Iklim, Endemisitas malaria, Kota Ternate