PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT WANA (TAU TAA WANA BULANG) DALAM MENGKONSERVASI HUTAN BERDASAR KEARIFAN LOKAL DI PROPINSI SULAWESI TENGAH

Sahlan, SH.,SE.,MS., Prof. Dr. Ir. Chafid Fandeli, MS.

2011 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Lingkungan

Hutan punya fungsi-fungsi penting bagi kehidupan masyarakat sekitarnya, terutama di hutan-hutan negara dengan sistem pengelolaan yang bertujuan untuk memberdayakan masyarakat setempat tanpa mengganggu fungsi pokoknya. Agar berkelanjutan, program hutan kemasyarakatan diadakan sebagai salah satu usaha pemerintah untuk memotivasi masyarakat supaya turut berpartisipasi aktif dalam pengelolaan hutan. Hanya saja, sebelum program ini diadakan, masyarakat sekitar hutan sendiri umumnya sudah memiliki kearifan lokal yang mendorongnya turun-temurun terlibat secara sukarela dan kolektif untuk melestarikan hutan yang telah menjadi kawasan tempat tinggal. Masyarakat itu memiliki konsep konservasi atas lingkungannya sendiri yang memungkinkan langkah-langkah pemeliharaan hutan yang dilakukan seiring sejalan, bahkan mendukung upaya konservasi hutan yang sekarang digalakkan pemerintah. Hal itu penting, karena tanpa pelestarian hutan ada kecenderungan terjadi penebangan liar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kelompok masyarakat tidak bertanggung jawab akan komoditas hutan komersial. Tendensi partisipasi berbasis-kearifan lokal ini terjadi pula pada masyarakat Tau Taa Wana Bulang di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian ini mempunyai empat tujuan utama, antara lain: (1) mengungkapkan praktek kearifan lokal masyarakat wana dalam pemanfaatan hutan dan partisipasi kultural berbasis kearifan lokal itu dalam upaya melestarikan hutan di sekitarnya; (2) menguji faktor yang mempengaruhi partisipasi kultural berbasis kearifan lokal masyarakat wana dalam mengkonservasi hutan; (3) menilai pengaruh dari partisipasi kultural berbasis-kearifan lokal masyarakat wana dalam pelaksanaan fungsi komoditas dan fungsi konservasi hutan di sekitarnya di masa sekarang; dan (4) mengidentifikasi strategi partisipasi berbasis kearifan lokal yang dikembangkan oleh masyarakat wana demi keberlanjutan pelaksanaan fungsi komoditas dan konservasi hutan di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif, yang didukung dengan metode kualitatif. Penelitian ini meneliti masyarakat Tau Taa Wana Bulang di tiga kabupaten: kabupaten Tojo Una-una, Banggai, dan Morowali, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Daerah penelitian ini ditetapkan dengan ‘metode pengambilan sampel bertujuan’ (purposive sampling method). Data penelitian ini adalah data primer yang diperoleh melalui penyebaran kuesioner dan wawancara mendalam, yang didukung oleh data sekunder melalui teknik dokumenter. Data yang terkumpul itu dianalisis dengan teknik kuantitatif, yang dilengkapi teknik deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat lokal Tau Taa Wana Bulang memiliki kearifan lokal yang mengedepankan prinsip keseimbangan dan keberlanjutan hutan, yang dapat mendorong warganya terlibat secara sukarela dan kolektif dala m melestarikan hutan kemasyarakatan di sekitarnya. Faktor umur, pendapatan, pendidikan, pengalaman, sikap, wawasan dan motivasi telah terbukti bersamasama memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap partisipasi kultural berbasis-kearifan lokal masyarakat wana (R2= 0,92). Praktek kultural ini terwujud dalam sejumlah upacara tradisional yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung berdampak pada pelestarian hutan di sekitarnya. Partisipasi kultural itu mempunyai pengaruh positif terhadap pemanfaatan hasil hutan yang selalu mempertimbangkan prinsip konservasi hutan. Strategi kebijakan partisipatif yang dikembangkan masyarakat wana adalah pengembangan sistem religi, pengutamaan lembaga adat, sosialisasi kepatuhan pada adat, pengeramatan tempat tertentu, penekanan aspek tabu, larangan perambahan hutan liar, dan aksi kolektif seluruh warga. Praktek partisipasi kultural itu menghasilkan kelestarian hutan yang ditunjukkan oleh tujuh indikator antara lain: (1) Pengelolaan Hutan Lestari; (2) Pengendalian Kerusakan Hutan; (3) Keterkendalian Pemanenan Hutan; (4) Perlindungan Kawasan Hutan; (5) Keanekaragaman Spesies Flora-Fauna; (6) Keterlindungan Ekosistem Biotik dan Abiotik; dan (7) Unit Manajemen Konservasi Adat Kolektif. Temuan yang perlu direkomendasikan adalah ada pengertian konsep partisipasi dan aplikasi yang berbeda antara masyarakat modern dan tradisional. Partisipasi rasional dalam masyarakat modern lebih dimaknai berorientasi “ke luar” untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan publik pada tingkat negara, sementara partisipasi kultural dalam masyarakat tradisional lebih dimaknai berorientasi “ke dalam” untuk memelihara eksistensi dari masyarakat itu sendiri sebagai entitas yang holistik, seimbang, dan berkelanjutan dari generasi ke generasi.

There were some important functions of forest in the life of surrounding people , especially those of state forest which the management system was conducted to empower local communities in handling the forest without disturbing the main functions. Therefore, it was conducted a program of community forest as one of the efforts of the government to encourage the communit y to give their participation actively in forest handling. It was a pity that before this program would be conducted, the surrounding people had already some local wisdoms that hereditarily motivated the people to be involved voluntarily and collectively in forest conservation that was already became the region where they lived. The community has the conservation concepts of their own region that allowed the implementation of conservation steps at the same times, even it allowed to support the forest conservations efforts that were currently campaigned by the government. It was important because there would be a tendency of illegally forest clearing by the reason of illegal selling of commercial forest commodities if there was not any forest conservation. This tendency of participation based on local wisdom was also happened in the community of Tau Taa Wana Bulang in the province of Central Sulawesi. This study was conducted to achieve four main purposes: (1) to reveal how the local wisdom practiced by the community of wana in exploiting the forest and their cultural participation based on local wisdom in order to make conservations of surrounding forests; (2) to evaluate the factors having effects to the cultural participation based on local wisdom of the community of wana in forest conservation; (3) to assess the influence of cultural participation based on local wisdom that were being developed by the community of wana in the implementation of commodity and conservation functions in the surrounding forest today; and (4) to identify the strategy of participative wisdom based on local wisdom that were developed by the community of wana in order to carry on the ongoing process of the implementation of the forest commodity and conservation functions in the future. It was conducte d this study using the qualitative method, supported by the qualitative method. This study examined carefully the community of Tau Taa Wana Bulang who lived in three districts in the province of Central Sulawesi: district of Tojo Una-Una, district of Banggai, and district of Morowali. The study area was determined using “the purposive sampling method”. The data for this study was the primary data that was acquired by conducting the questionnary distribution and in-deep interviewing, supported by the secondary data that was acquired by conducting the documentary technic. Then the collected data was analyzed using the quantitative technic that completed by using the descriptive qualitave technic. It was found in this study that the local community of Tau Taa Wana Bulang had local wisdoms favoring the forest balance and continuance that would encourage the people to be involved actively and collectively in the process of conservating the surrounding community forests. The factor of age, income, education, experience, attitude, conception, and motivation were proven collectively to have the significant effect to the cultural participation based on local wisdom of the community of wana (R 2=0.92). The cultural impelentation was found in the amount of traditional ceremonies having influences directy and indirectly to the conservation of surrounding forests. The cultural participation had the positive effect to the benefit of forest products that always considered the forest conservation principle. Some strategies of participative wisdom developed by the community of wana were the religious system development, favoring custom institution, the socialization of the pursuance to the custom, consider sacred to the certain places, emphasizing the aspect of the mythic al history of the local area, prohibition of the illegal exploration of a forest, and collective action of the people at all. The cultural participation practices showed some results reflected by six indicators: (1) the Management of Forest Preservation; (2) the Controlling Process of Forest Damage; (3) the Controlled Forest Harvesting; (4) the Protection of Forest Area; (5) the Diversity of Flora and Fauna Species; (6) the Protection of Biothic and Abiothic Ecosystems; and (7) the Management Unit of Colle ctive Custom onservation. The recommended findings were there was an different concept of understanding in the participation and the application between modern and traditional communities. The rational participation of the modern community tends to be or iented “externally” to influence the public policy in the level of nation, whereas the cultural participation of the traditional community tends to be oriented “internally” to keep the exixtence of the community as an holistic entity that is balance and continuously among generations.

Kata Kunci : Hutan Kemasyarakatan, Masyarakat Lokal Wana, Kearifan Lokal, Partisipasi Kultural, Konservasi Hutan, Kelestarian Hutan