PERTARUNGAN MELAWAN MALARIA (Pengetahuan dan Strategi Menghadapi Malaria Pada Masyarakat Pasca KLB (Desa Beji) dan Sedang KLB (Desa Petuguran))

BARNI,S.Pd., Dr. Naniek Kasniyah, M.A., M.Med.Sc.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Antropologi

Sebagai daerah endemik malaria, program pemberantasan malaria sudah lama dilakukan dan dikenal masyarakat Banjarnegara. Setelah sebelumnya dinyatakan berhasil, kemunculan KLB (Kejadian Luar Bisa) malaria menimbulkan keresahan masyarakat. Usaha peningkatan kesehatan masih dihadapkan pada permasalahan mengapa program pemberantasan penyakit malaria belum berhasil. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui beberapa permasalahan antara lain (1) bagaimana pengetahuan lokal tentang penyakit dan sakit malaria; (2) bagaimana strategi pencegahan dan pengobatan berkenaan dengan penyakit malaria; (3) bagaimana implikasi pengetahuan dan strategi menghadapi malaria terhadap kekurangberhasilan pelaksanaan program penanggulangan malaria yang ditandai dengan terjadinya KLB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana masyarakat memahami penyakit dan sakit malaria serta strategi dalam menghadapinya. Penelitian dilakukan di Banjarnegara pada dua desa yaitu desa pasca KLB (Desa Beji) dan desa sedang KLB (Desa Petuguran). Data yang digunakan dalam analisis diperoleh dari 35 informan dan enam informan kunci. Pengumpulan data penelitian kualitatif ini dilakukan dengan metode partisipasi observasi, wawancara secara mendalam menggunakan pedoman wawancara, dan dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa KLB malaria dipengaruhi berbagai faktor meliputi keadaan lingkungan sebagai daerah endemis, pelaksanaan program pemberantasan malaria yang belum maksimal, kasus import, dan strategi pencegahan dan pengobatan malaria. Berbagai tindakan pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit malaria oleh informan tidak menunjukkan perbedaan berdasarkan latar belakang kependudukan namun berdasarkan pengetahuan tentang penyakit dan sakit malaria berbeda. Informan yang tidak terkena malaria mengacu pada tindakan pencegahan yang selaras dengan program. Sebaliknya, informan yang terkena malaria mengacu pada tindakan pencegahan secara lokal termasuk dalam melakukan pilihan pengobatan. Strategi pencegahan dan pengobatan yang dilakukan informan paling berpengaruh terhadap KLB malaria. Tindakan pencegahan yang selaras dengan program penting untuk dipertahankan. Sebaliknya, tindakan pencegahan yang didasarkan pada pengetahuan secara lokal perlu dirubah meskipun membutuhkan waktu yang lama sebagai proses pembelajaran secara sosial kultural. Sebagai daerah endemik malaria, faktor lingkungan tetap berpengaruh dan sulit dirubah. Pelaksanaan program pemberantasan malaria sebaiknya diadakan pembenahan. Demikian pula, kasus import perlu kembali ditingkatkan kewaspadaannya.

As a malaria endemic area, malaria eradication program in Banjarnegara has long been made known to the public. Having previously declared successful, the emergence of malaria outbreaks cause community unrest. Efforts to improve the health are still faced with the problem why the malaria eradication program was not successful. This study is conducted to find out several problems (1) how is the local knowledge about disease and illness of malaria, (2) how are the strategies due to the prevention and treatment of malaria, (3) how are the knowledge implications and strategies to cope with malaria that less successful by the occurrence of outbreaks. This study aims to find out how people understand the disease and malaria as well as the strategies to deal with it. The study has been conducted at two villages in Banjarnegara, firstly is Desa Beji, a village that has passed the malaria outbreak, secondly is Desa Petuguran, a village that is still getting in the malaria outbreak. The data used in the analysis were obtained from 35 informants and six key informants. The collecting of this qualitative data has been gained by the method of observation participatory, in-depth interviews using of interview guidelines, and documents. The results show that the outbreaks of malaria are influenced by many factors including the environmental conditions as endemic areas, the malaria eradication program that is not maximal, the impot case, and the strategies for prevention and treatment of malaria. Various measures of prevention and treatment of malaria by the informants did not show the differences which based on demographic background, but based on the different knowledge of disease and sickness of malaria. The informants who did not become sick of malaria refer to the prevented actions which are in alignment with the program. Instead, the informants who exposed of malaria refer to the locally prevented actions, including in the making treatment choices. The strategies of prevention and treatment by the informants strongly influence against malaria outbreaks. The preventive actions which are consistent with the program are important to be maintained. Conversely, the preventive measures based on local knowledge need to be changed although it will take a long time as a socio-cultural learning process. In the malaria endemic areas, environmental factors remain influential and difficult to be changed. The implementation of malaria eradication program should be held revamping. Similarly, the vigilance of impot case needs to be advanced.

Kata Kunci : Penyakit dan Sakit, Malaria, Pencegahan, Pengobatan