HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN IBU, ASUPAN ZAT GIZI (PROTEIN, Fe, Zn DAN VITAMIN A), INHIBITOR DAN ENHANCER Fe DENGAN KADAR Hb ANAK SEKOLAH DASAR DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

Ratih Nurani Sumardi, Prof. dr. M. Jufrie, Sp.A(K)., Ph.D.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Kesehatan Masyarakat/GK

Latar Belakang: Anemia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Prevalensi anemia pada anak berdasarkan Riskesdas tahun 2007 di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta adalah 8,7%, dengan penyebab terbanyak akibat defisiensi zat besi. Jenis Fe, inhibitor dan enhancer Fe serta pegetahuan gizi ibu yang rendah merupakan faktor yang penyebab anemia defisiensi Fe. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan asupan zat gizi, inhibitor dan enhancer Fe, serta pengetahuan gizi ibu terhadap kadar Hb anak Sekolah Dasar kelas V di Kota Yogyakarta Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross-sectional. Tehnik pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan multistage random sampling, subyek penelitian adalah anak SD kelas V dan orang tuanya, sebanyak 113 anak. Pengukuran kadar Hb menggunakan metode Cyanmethe-moglobin, data asupan dikumpulkan menggunkaan kuisioner semi kuantitatif FFQ, dan pengetahuan ibu menggunakan kuisioner. Hasil Penelitian: Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan ibu (p=0,458, r=0,071) dengan kadar Hb. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara asupan protein (p=0,085; r=0,163), vitamin A (p=0,018; r=-0,02) dan Zn (p=0,141; r=0,139) dengan kadar Hb. Asupan Fe berhubungan dengan kadar Hb setelah masuk dalam analisis multivariable (p=0,028), asupan 1 mg Fe meningkatkan 0,01 g/dl kadar Hb. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara asupan fitat (p=0,843; r=-0,019), oksalat (p=0,323; r=0,095) dan teh (p=0,318; r=0,095). Asupan tanin setelah masuk dalam analisis multivariable berhubungan dengan kadar Hb (p=0,004). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara asupan vitamin C (p=0,127; r=0,144) dan meat factor (p=0,929; r=0,008) namun terdapat perbedan asupan vitamin C antara anak anemia dan tidak anemia (p<0,001). Kesimpulan: Perlu memperhatikan asupan zat gizi anak guna pembentukan Hb, meningkatkan asupan enhancer Fe serta mengurangi asupan inhibitor Fe guna mencegah terjadinya anemia pada anak. Peningkatan pengetahuan ibu dilakukan untuk dapat memberikan makanan yang bergizi pada anak.

Background: Anaemia remains a public health problem in Indonesia. The prevalence of anemia in children base on Riskesdas 2007 in Yogyakarta is 8.7%. The most common cause due is iron deficiency. Fe type, inhibitors and enhancers Fe and low maternal nutrition knowledge, become factor that causes iron deficiency anemia. Objective: To determine the relationship of nutrient intake, inhibitors and enhancers Fe, maternal nutrition knowledge on Hb level of fifth grade elementary school children in Yogyakarta. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Sampling technique carried out by multistage random sampling. Study subjects were fifth grade elementary school children and parents, as many as 113 children. Measurement of Hb concentration using the method Cyanmethemoglobin. Intake data were collected using semiquantitative FFQ and mother knowledge using a questionnaire. Results: There was no significant correlation between maternal knowledge (p=0,458; r=0,071) with Hb levels. There was no significant correlation between protein intake (p=0.085, r=0.163), vitamin A (p=0,018; r=- 0,02) and Zn (p=0,141; r=0,139) with Hb levels. Fe intake was associated with Hb levels after the entry in multivariable analysis (p=0,028), intake of 1 mg Fe increased 0,01 g/dL Hb. There was no significant correlation between phytate intake (p=0,843; r=- 0,019), oxalic (p=0,323; r=0,095) and tea (p=0,318; r=0,095). Tannin intake associated with Hb levels (p=0,004) after entry in multivariable analysis. There is no relation between intake of vitamin C (p= 0,127; r= 0,144) and the meat factor (p=0,929; r=0,008) but there is different of vitamin C intake between anemic and non anemic children (p <0,001). Conclusion: Need to considering nutrient intake of children to the formation of hemoglobin, increasing intake of enhancers of Fe and reduce intake of Fe inhibitors to prevent anemia in children. Increasing maternal knowledge is able to provide nutritious food to children.

Kata Kunci : kadar Hb, asupan Fe, inhibitor Fe, enhancer Fe