Konsentrasi Merkuri Pada Air Laut, Sedimen dan Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa Linn.) di Perairan Teluk Kao dan Guraping Halmahera Maluku Utara

Muriyono Hamid, S.Pd., Prof. Dr.H.S. Djalal Tandjung, M.Sc.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Potensi laut Teluk Kao mengalami penurunan, diduga karena terjadinya pencemaran merkuri yang berasal dari aktivitas pertambangan emas tanpa izin oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi merkuri yang terdapat dalam air laut, sedimen dan insang Kerang darah, serta mempelajari struktur mikroanatomi insang Kerang darah yang terdapat pada perairan Teluk Kao dan perairan Pantai Guraping. Pada penelitian ini dibuat empat stasiun, terdiri dari tiga stasiun dalam Teluk Kao dan satu stasiun di luar Teluk Kao sebagai pembanding yaitu perairan pantai Guraping. Pada setiap stasiun dibuat tiga transek, jarak antar transek 500 meter. Transek tegak lurus dari garis pantai ke arah surut terendah, dengan jarak ± 300 meter. Setiap transek dibuat tiga titik sampling yaitu 100 meter, 200 meter dan 300 meter. Analisis kandungan merkuri pada sampel menggunakan Merkuri Analyzer. Pembuatan mikroanatomi insang dengan metode parafin dan pewarnaan HE. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi merkuri air laut pada ketiga stasiun di perairan Pantai Dumdum berkisar antara 0.0004 - 0.0007 ppm dan stasiun pembanding sebesar 0.0002 ppm. Konsentrasi merkuri dalam sedimen di perairan Pantai Dumdum berkisar antara 0.838-1.321 ppm dan stasiun pembanding sebesar 1.233 ppm. Konsentrasi merkuri dalam insang Kerang darah diperairan Pantai Dumdum berkisar antara 0.058-0.093 ppm dan stasiun pembanding sebesar 0.013 ppm. Hasil konsentrasi merkuri pada air laut dan insang masih di bawah NAB yang ditetapkan oleh MNLH.No.51 Tahun 2004 untuk air laut dan WHO untuk kerang, sedangkan sedimen telah melebih NAB yang ditetapkan oleh EPA (1997). Hasil pengamatan mikroanatomi insang menunjukkan bahwa insang Kerang darah pada ketiga stasiun di perairan Pantai Dumdum telah mengalami degenerasi sel yaitu fase pembengkakan keruh, degenerasi lemak dan piknosis. Insang Kerang darah pada perairan Guraping hanya mengalami fase pembengkakan keruh. Hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi merkuri pada air dan Kerang darah di perairan Pantai Dumdum lebih tinggi daripada Pantai Guraping sedangkan sedimen di perairan Pantai Guraping lebih tinggi daripada Pantai Dumdum. Struktur mikroanatomi insang Kerang darah pada perairan Pantai Dumdum mengalami degenerasi sel lebih berat daripada perairan Guraping.

Kao bay marine potential production is decreasing. This problem assumed caused by mercury contamination from unauthorized gold mining activity. Research purpose is to discover mercury concentration contained in marine water, sediment, and blood cockle gills. The research also studies microanatomy structure of blood cockle gills coming from Kao bay and Guraping coast. There were four stations made for this research. Three stations are in Kao bay and one station is in Guraping coast which was located outside Kao bay as a comparator. On each station, there were three transects. Distance of each transects was 500 meter. Transects are perpendicular from coastline towards the lowest subside with distance ± 300 meter. Each transects consisted of three sampling points i.e. 100 meters, 200 meter dan 300 meter. Mercury Analyzer was used to analyze mercury content on samples. Sample of gills microanatomy was carried out using paraffin method and HE stain. The result showed that marine water mercury concentration in three stations located in Dumdum coast were 0.0004 – 0.0007 ppm, and in station comparator was 0.0002 ppm. Mercury concentration in the Dumdum coast sediment was ranged from 0.838 to 1.321 ppm and in control station was 1.233 ppm. Mercury concentration in the blood cockle gills from Dumdum coast ranged from 0.058 – 0.093 ppm and in control station was 0.013 ppm. The results showed that mercury concentration in the marine water and gills still below the threshold value (NAB) defined by Ministry of Environment (MNLH.No. 51) in 2004 for marine water and WHO for cockle. Meanwhile, mercury concentration in the sediment was above the threshold value defined by EPA in 1997. Observation results on gill’s microanatomy showed that blood cockle gills in three stations of Dumdum coast have underwent cell degeneration. Those blood cockles’ underwent phase of cloudy cellular swelling, fat degeneration and pyknosis. Blood cockles gill in Guraping coast have only underwent cellular swelling phase. The results concluded that mercury concentration in marine water and blood cockle from Dumdum coast are higher than Guraping coast, while mercury concentration in sediment from Guraping coast is higher than Dumdum coast. Gill microanatomy structure of blood cockle from Dumdum coast underwent higher cell degeneration than guraping’s coast.

Kata Kunci : Pencemaran Merkuri, Anadara granosa Linn., Degenerasi sel, Teluk Kao