FLOATING STATE: PERGULATAN NEGARA PASCA-KOLONIAL DAN REZIM NEOLIBERAL STUDI ATAS INDONESIA PASCA ORDE BARU

Adde Marup Wirasenja, SIP., Prof. Dr. Purwo Santoso, M.A.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Politik dan Pemerintahan

Penelusuran atas rezim neoliberal menunjukkan bahwa gagasan tentang pasar yang bebas sebenarnya tidak pernah benar-benar berlangsung. Rezim neoliberal justru ingin mempertemukan institusi pasar dan negara. Hal ini telah melahirkan transformasi dan perubahan modus hubungan yang cukup penting. Relasi negara-negara maju dan institusi neoliberal berlangsung dalam modus state make market. Sementara itu relasi negara-negara pasca-kolonial atas institusi neoliberal berlangsung dalam modus market make state. Perubahan tersebut telah membawa implikasi yang penting bagi kontruksi negara pasca-kolonial seperti Indonesia. Seperti yang ditunjukkan riset ini, gagasan tentang state atau negara selalu merupakan proyeksi eksternal. Gagasan yang berasal dari kekuatan historis Indonesia adalah tentang nation (bangsa). Dengan demikian, gagasan tentang nation-state, pada dirinya sendiri, adalah sebuah pergulatan gagasan. Menggunakan pandangan kaum konstruktivis dalam studi hubungan internasional, riset ini juga menunjukkan hadirnya karakteristik baru dari negara, yakni negara mengambang (floating state). Gagasan kaum dependensia tentang hadirnya negara komprador di Amerika Latin, serta gagasan kaum developmental state yang melihat peran besar negara dalam pembangunan ekonomi di Asia, nampaknya sudah kehilangan konteks historisnya. Baik negara komprador maupun negara-pembangunan sama-sama melihat bahwa hubungan dengan dunia kapitalis akan melahirkan rezim represif. Kenyataannya, saat ini rezim neoliberal mengkontruksi sebuah rezim demokratis. Hanya saja, negara cenderung menjadi entitas yang mengambang: di satu sisi menjadi agen pembangunan, di sisi lain menjadi amat lemah ketika berhadapan dengan gelombang demokratisasi di level domestik.***

Two points are discussed in this research. Firstly, It argues that the process of market transformation is not a neutral in essence. It is far from the theoretical construction of neoliberal scholars who believe that market can be run harmouniously – bring about benefit impacts to all man kind - throught the logic of invisible hand. Indeed, this research believe that behaviours and interests of the market have been defined and constructed by the structure of world capitalists system designed by the dominant actors. “The visible hand” of global capitalism has constructed not only the interaction of states in economic realm but also in the format of the state in post-colonial world like Indonesia. Dramatically, in post-colonial state they have been functionced as “double blade”, being put side by side to support and protect the ideas of global market expansion, which eventually make states to become the new motherland of late capitalism. Secondly, by using contructivist thought from Alexander Wendt, this research focuses on the structural consequences of post-colonial states in democratization era. Far from the imagination of social-contract sholars that inspiring the development and the successed of Western Liberal Democracy, the market construction within the system of global capitalism has blocked the processes in post-colonial states, particularly in the states which are highly depended to the system. They fail to synthesize the substance of democracy with the dynamic of social, political, and culture configuration in domestic level. As a consequence, post-colonial state as political aspiration and institution have been downgraded by market and subsumed into the world capitalism system. Postcolonial state aspiration only happends within domestic political structure, while states as a political agent merely to be functioned as “market apparatus” which hold the sustainability global capitalists regime.

Kata Kunci : floating state, neoliberalism, pendalaman demokrasi, globalisasi.