TUBUH TERJAJAH DALAM NOVEL PERBURUAN KARYA PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER SEBUAH PERSPEKTIF PASCAKOLONIAL

Aslan Abidin, Prof. Dr. C. Soebakdi Soemanto, S.U.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Sastra

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan terjadinya tumpang-tindih penindasan dalam penjajahan Jepang di Blora sebagaimana digambarkan novel Perburuan karya Paramoedya Ananta Toer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peristiwa penjajahan juga membentuk hierarki kekuasaan dan penindasan. Kelas penjajah, yang berada di urutan penindas teratas, mengangkat mempekerjakan pejabat-pejabat lokal untuk membantunya menjajah kelas bawah. Hal itu menciptakan tiga kelas sosial berbeda, yakni kelas atas (penjajah Jepang), kelas menengah (penguasa lokal), dan kelas bawah (rakyat jelata). Ketiga kelas tersebut saling berseteru dan berperang dalam upaya mempertahankan maupun membebaskan diri dari kekuasaan serta keterjajahan satu kelas dari kelas yang lain. Analisis pascakolonial dengan melakukan penandaan terhadap teks-teks perilaku “pelainan” maupun penindasan melalui penggambaran atau fokalisasi eksernal dan internal, memperlihatkan bahwa: a) Penjajah Jepang melakukan “pelainan” dan penindasan terhadap tubuh dari dua kelas sosial berbeda, yakni kelas menengah dan kelas bawah. b) Kelas menengah juga melakukan “pelainan”, dan penjajahan terhadap tubuh kelas bawah. c) Kelas bawah memperlakukan tubuhnya sedemikian rupa untuk dapat bertahan serta berusaha membebaskan diri dari penjajahan kedua kelas di atasnya dengan melakukan pemberontakan. Bentuk-bentuk dan perilaku tubuh tokoh-tokoh novel Perburuan juga memperlihatkan perbedaan berdasarkan kelas sosial mereka masing-masing. Bentuk laku tubuh opsir Jepang: tegap, bertolak pinggang, memerintahkan, membentak, mengancam, mencengkeram, meninju, sampai kecapaian menyaiksa. Bentuk tubuh kelas menengah: pendek tipis, hidung tebal, mata menonjol keluar, hormat, pucat, gugup, terhuyung, roboh, merangkak, menggigil, dan ketakutan. Sementara tubuh kelas bawah: nyaris tak berpakaian, amat kurus, kudisan, memiliki bekas luka, bersembunyi, bertapa, makan kelelawar, berani, dan melawan. Gambaran betapa tidak manusiwainya penjajahan menunjukkan penolakan teks novel Perburuan terhadap penjajahan dan penindasan.

This research describes the overlap (complexity) of oppression during Japanese domination in Blora as described in a novel Perburuan written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The research shows that the colonization formed both hierarchical power and oppression. Colonizer, who occupied the higher class within the society, promoted local people in their administrative structure to help them colonize lower class. This led to the formation of three different classes in Blora namely higher class occupied by the colonizer, middle class by local authority, and lower class by common people. Those three classes were involved in conflict, maintaining their power or liberating themselves from domination and colonization from one class to the other class. The postcolonial analysis, by marking texts showing otherness and oppression through illustrations or internal and external vocalization, reveals that: a) Japanese colonizer constructed otherness and oppression toward the body of two other classes, middle and lower class. b) The middle class people also performed an otherness, and domination to the class below them. c) Lower class treated their bodies in such a way to resist as well as to liberate themselves from the domination of two classes above them. The differences among classes can be figured out through the figure and manner of characters’ bodies in the novel Perburuan. The shape of Japanese army’s bodies: posture and well-built, with arms akimbo, instructing, yelling, warning, seizing, punching until become exhausted. The shape of middle class bodies is short and skinny, flat and big nose, prominent eyes, pale, awkward, admiring others, shaky and unsteady, trembling, and frightened. While the bodies of those from lower class are: almost naked, very skinny, scabby, having scars, hidden, living in asceticism and isolation, eating bat, brave, and resisting. The illustration of inhumanness of colonization shows the resistant of the texts in the novel Perburuan toward colonization and oppression.

Kata Kunci : pelainan, tubuh, penjajahan, pemberontakan, fokalisasi, dan . pascakolonial.