EFEKTIVITAS BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETAHANAN TUBUH IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio L) TERHADAP PENYAKIT Motile Aeromonas Septicemia

Lukistyowati, Iesje , Prof. drh. Kurniasih, MV.Sc., Ph.D.

2011 | Disertasi | S3 Sain Veteriner

Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui efektivitas bawang putih Lumbu hijau segar yang diberikan secara rendaman selama 10 menit dan ekstrak bawang putih Kating yang dicampur pada pakan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tubuh ikan terhadap penyakit Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bawang putih Kating mempunyai daya hambat pertumbuhan A. hydrophila paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan bawang putih jenis lainnya. Lebar diameter zona hambat sebesar 17,00±2,00 mm. Uji komponen bahan aktif bawang putih Kating dengan metode Gas Kromatografi Spektrofotometri (GC-MS) terdeteksi sebanyak 13 komponen, salah satu komonen yang mempunyai aktifitas antimikroba adalah dialil disulfida dengan area 16,95%, pengujian menggunakan Gas kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) terdeteksi adanya saponin yang mempunyai aktifitas sebagai antimikroba. Uji Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) perasan bawang putih Lumbu hijau terhadap A. hydrophila diperoleh konsentrasi minimum sebesar 6,13-3,63% (61.300 ppm-36.300 ppm). LC50 perasan bawang putih terhadap ikan mas (panjang ikan±14 cm) yang direndam selama 10 menit adalah 4.913,99 ppm sedangkan untuk perendaman selama 24 jam adalah 846,75 ppm. Penelitian untuk mencegah maupun mengobati penyakit MAS dengan metode rendaman selama 10 menit dilakukan 4 hari sekali sebanyak 4 kali. Menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) tiga ulangan yang masing masing ulangan 10 ekor (panjang ikan±14 cm). Dosis yang digunakan adalah : P0, P1 (1.000 ppm), P2 (2.000 ppm) dan P3 (3.000 ppm). Pada akhir penelitian ikan diinfeksi A. hydrophila secara intraperitonial dengan kepadatan 108 sel/ml dengan dosis 0,1 ml/ekor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sintasan ikan yang direndam dengan perasan bawang putih Lumbu hijau lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Dosis terbaik untuk meningkatkan sintasan secara perendaman 10 menit adalah 1826 ppm. Pengobatan dengan metode perendaman selama 10 menit tidak efektif, sintasan ikan yang diobati lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol (P>0,05) karena nilai MIC lebih besar dari nilai LC50. Perubahan patologis terjadi pada epidermis: kulit mengalami erosi, hemoragi, degenerasi dan sel club mengalami degenerasi, pada insang: lamella primer mengalami hemoragi, proliferasi pada lamella sekunder dan terdapat kongesti, pada ginjal: mengalami nekrosis dan kongesti, pada usus: mengalami kongesti, nekrosis dan oedema dan pada jantung: terdapat adanya kongesti. Untuk mempermudah pemberian bawang putih dicampur dalam pakan. LD50 ekstrak bawang putih Kating terhadap ikan (panjang ikan±14 cm) secara oral (dicampur dengan pakan) adalah 10,75%/kg pakan. Dosis yang digunakan adalah: Kp (kontrol positif); Kn (Kontrol negatif); P1 (2,5%); P2 (5 %) dan P3 (10%) / kg pakan diberikan selama 30 hari, kemudian ikan diinfeksi dengan A. hydrophila secara intramuskuler dengan kepadatan 106 sel/ml dengan dosis 0,1 ml/ekor. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah RAL masing-masing perlakuan 10 ulangan (10 ekor). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pertahanan non spesifik meningkat, dilihat dari jumlah leukosit, jumlah limfosit, jumlah neutrofil, jumlah monosit dan persentase aktifitas fagositosis lebih tinggi dari pada kontrol positif (Kp)(P<0,05). Histopatologis pada organ kulit, insang, usus, ginjal hati dan jantung pada ikan yang diberi perlakuan pakan mengandung ekstrak bawang putih Kating kerusakannya lebih ringan bila dibandingkan dengan ikan kontrol positif (Kn). Luka bekas suntikan menutup pasca penyuntikan 14 hari. Pengamatan pertumbuhan relatif tidak berbeda dengan kontrol positip, akan tetapi meningkatkan pertumbuhan panjang ikan berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Pemberian bawang putih baik lewat rendaman maupun dicampur dalam pakan efektif untuk mencegah penyakit Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS). Pemberian bawang putih dengan dosis yang tepat dapat meningkatkan pertahanan non spesifik dan dapat digunakan sebagai imunomodulator bagi ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio L.).

The aim of the research ware to investigate and discover the effectiveness of fresh Lumbu hijau (type of garlic) given by ten-minute immersion and Kating (type of garlic) extract mixed with feed in enhancing common carp's immunity against Motile Aeromonas Septicemia. The research results showed that Kating was the most highly effective in inhibiting the growth of A. hydrophila in comparison with the other type of garlic. The inhibition diameter of the garlic against A. hydrophila was 17.00±20.00 mm. A test of the active components of Kating using the spectrometrical chromatography method (GC-MS) detected as many as 13 components, one of which was diallyl disulfide with antimicrobial activity found with area of 16.95%, whereas a test using thinlayered chromatography detected saponin with antimicrobial activity. A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test of a squeeze of Lumbu hijau on A. hydrophila showed a minimum concentration of 6.13-3.63% (61,300 ppm-36,300 ppm). The LC50 the garlic on common carp immersed for ten minutes was 4,913.99 ppm whereas 24-hour immersion gave a LC50 of 846.75 ppm. Research for preventing and curing MAS by ten-minute immersion was conducted four times in four days interval. A completely random design in triplicate (10 fishes/replication) was use in this experiment. The doses administered were : P0, P1 (1.000 ppm), P2 (2.000 pm) and P3 (3.000 ppm). At the end of the research, the fish were intraperitoneally infected with A. hydrophila with a density of 108 cell/ml in a dose of 0.1 ml/fish. The research result demonstrated that the survival rate of fish immersed in a squeeze of Lumbu hijau was higher than that of the control group (P<0,05). The best dose to encrease the survival rate by ten-minute immersion was 1826 ppm. Treatment by ten-minute immersion was not effective as the survival rate of treated fish was lower than that of the control (P>0,05) because the MIC value was greater than the LC50 value. Pathological changes occurred on the epidermis : the skin underwent erosion, hemorrhage, and degeneration; the club cells underwent degeneration; on the gills the primary lamella underwent hemorrhage, proliferation on the secondary lamella and there was congestion; the kidney underwent necrosis and congestion; the intestines underwent congestion, necrosis, and oedema; and there was a sign of congestion of the heart. In order to simplify the application, the garlic was mixed with feed. LD50 of garlic extract on fish fet with feed containing Kating extract was 10.75%/kg of feed. The doses administered were as follows : Kp (the positive group was infected and without treatment with garlic extract); Kn (uninfected fish as the negative control group); P1 (2.5%); P2 (5%); and P3 (10%)/kg of feed given for 30 days, and then the fish were intramuscularly infected with A. hydrophila with a density of 106 cell/ml in a dose of 0.1 ml/fish. The experimental design used was Completely Random Design in ten replications (ten fish). The research results showed enhanced non-specific defence in terms of the quantities of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and the percentage of phagocytotic activity, which were greater than those of the positive control (Kp)(P<0,05). Histopathological observations of the injuries to the skin, gills, intestines, kidney, liver and heart in the fish treated with feed containing Kating extract indicated that they were less severe than those of the positive control (Kp). The cut left by the injection closed 14 days after the injection. Observations of weight growth showed that it was not affected but the extended length of fish was significant compared with the control (P<0,05). Treatments with garlic either by immersion or supplementation in feed were effective in preventing Motile Aeromonas Septicemia. Treatment with garlic in the appropriate doses was able to enhance non-specific defence and may be used as an immunomodulator for common carp.

Kata Kunci : Aeromonas hydrophila, ekstrak bawang putih, Cyprinus carpio L, Pertahanan nonspesifik