DINAMIKA POPULASI ANJING DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP CAKUPAN VAKSINASI RABIES DI RURAL DAN URBAN KABUPATEN SIKKA PADA BULAN OKTOBER 2009 - APRIL 2010

drh. Maria Margaretha Siko, drh. Heru Susetya, MP., PhD

2011 | Tesis | S2 Sain Veteriner

Vaksinasi massal untuk mengendalikan penyakit rabies pada populasi anjing di Kabupaten Sikka telah dilakukan secara gratis setiap tahun sejak tahun 2001. Dengan cakupan vaksinasi minimal 70% selama beberapa tahun diharapkan tahun 2005 Kabupaten Sikka (Flores) dapat dibebaskan kembali dari penyakit rabies. Target ini tidak berhasil dicapai bahkan kasus gigitan cenderung meningkat dengan meningkatnya jumlah populasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyediakan data dasar tentang populasi anjing dan mengetahui dampak dinamika populasi terhadap cakupan vaksinasi untuk mendukung program pengendalian rabies di Kabupaten Sikka. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan cluster survey di tujuh dusun di rural dan tujuh RW di urban. Survai rumah tangga dilakukan dari bulan Oktober 2009 sampai dengan April 2010 dengan interval setiap dua bulan. Dari 1321 rumah tangga yang disurvai 442 rumah tangga di rural dan 879 rumah tangga di urban. Rasio rumah tangga yang memiliki anjing dengan yang tidak memiliki anjing 1:1,5 di rural dan 1: 3,9 di urban dengan rata-rata kepemilikan 2,7 ekor di rural dan 2,5 ekor di urban. Rasio anjing dan penduduk di rural 1:2,4 sedangkan di urban 1:8,3. Densitas anjing di rural 233,30±53,78 ekor/km2 sedangkan di urban 321,05±50,65 ekor/km2. Sebanyak 99,65% anjing di rural dan 92,69% di urban dilepas, aksesibilitas anjing di rural 94,81% sedangkan di urban 98,03%. Struktur populasi didominasi oleh kelas umur 0-3 bulan sebesar 28,01% di rural dan 33,88% di urban. Sex ratio anjing 1:1,59 di rural dan 1:1,61 di urban. Rata-rata litter size anjing di rural 3,76±0,11 ekor sedangkan di urban 4,90±0,19 ekor. Puncak kelahiran anjing di rural bulan Nopember-Desember sedangkan di urban Maret-April. Kematian anjing di rural didominasi kematian di bawah umur 3 bulan sedangkan di urban didominasi oleh kematian akibat pemotongan. Migrasi anjing dari rural ke urban 36,7% sedangkan dari urban ke rural 1,2%. Cakupan vaksinasi di rural menurun dari 32,56% pada bulan Oktober 2009 menjadi 25,06% di bulan April 2010 sedangkan di urban 32,90% di bulan Oktober 2009 turun menjadi 16,34% di bulan April 2010. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa dinamika populasi anjing menurunkan cakupan vaksinasi rabies.

Rabies mass vaccination have been conducted annually in Sikka Regency since 2001. With minimal 70% of vaccination coverage for few years it was targeted Sikka (Flores) would be eradicated from rabies on 2005. This target could not be reach even the bite cases tend to increase with the increasing of dog population. This study was conducted to provived the basic information about dog population and to know the impact of dog population dynamic toward the vaccination coverage at one blow to evaluated the failure of vaccination program by the perspective of population. The study was conducted by the clusters survey. The regency was stratified into rural and urban. From each stratum, 7 subdistricts (desa or kelurahan) are chosen proportionally using systematic random sampling. From each kelurahan or desa that has been choosen, one dusun or rw was taken as a cluster by using simple random sampling. Household survey was conducted since October 2009 to April 2010 in interval of two months. Overall 1321 household 442 household in rural and 879 in urban area. Owned dog ratio 1:1.5 in rural with average 2.7 per household and 1:3.8 in urban with average 2.5 per household. Dog human ratio was 1:2.4 and 1:8.3, dog density was 233.30±53.78 per km2 and 321.05±50.65 per km2 in rural and urban respectively. A high percentage of owned dogs was always allowed to roam freely (99.65% in rural and 92.69% in urban). Dog accessibility was 94.81% and 98.03% in rural and urban, respectively. Population structure was dominated by 0-3 month of age (28.01% in rural and 33.88% in urban). There was a predominance of female dogs with ratio 1.59:1 in rural and 1.61:1 in urban area. Dog litter size was 3.76±0,11 in rural and 4,90±0,19 urban. The peak of birth was November- December in rural and March-April in urban. Dog migration from rural to urban was 36.7% on the contrary from urban to rural was 1.2%. Vaccination coverage decreased from 32.56% on October 2009 to 25.06% on April 2010 and 32.90% on October 2009 to 16.34% on April 2010, for rural and urban area, respectively. From this research we concluded that dog population dynamic decreased rabies vaccination coverage.

Kata Kunci : anjing, rural, urban, rabies, densitas, aksesibilitas, dinamika populasi, cakupan vaksinasi.