PERUBAHAN POLA PEMUKIMAN KAWASAN GAMPONG JAWA PASCA BENCANA TSUNAMI ACEH (26 Desember 2004) DALAM ZONA I Study Kasus : Gampong Jawa, Banda Aceh, Provinsi Aceh

Desy Rosnita Sari, S, Ir. Budi Prayitno, M. Eng., Ph. D.

2011 | Tesis | S2 Desain Kawasan Binaan

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya fakta perubahan fisik wilayah yang terjadi akibat bencana tsunami 26 Desember 2004, dimana tsunami telah menghancurkan sebagian besar kawasan pertumbuhan padat di sepanjang pesisir utara-barat provinsi Aceh yang tidak lain merupakan kota-kota dipinggir pantai (water front city) termasuk Gampong Jawa yang terletak di sepanjang garis pantai utara kota Banda Aceh. Tsunami ikut merubah landscape, tatanan lingkungan (tata ruang) dan struktur kawasan Gampong Jawa yang semula merupakan pemukiman padat kemudian menjadi hamparan kosong. Arahan blue print untuk jarak pembangunan rehab-rekon sepanjang 2 km dari garis pantai ke daratan dan izin pembangunan kembali pemukiman pesisir oleh BRR telah menciptakan konflik terhadap tujuan utama pemanfaatan ruang pesisir sebagai kawasan coastal buffer yang secara ideal harus terhindar dari desakan pertumbuhan pembangunan (development eforce). Penetapan dua fungsi pengembangan seperti yang terjadi di Gampong Jawa jelas membutuhkan kajian/penelitian yang mampu menghasilkan metode pendekatan khusus terhadap arahan rancangan pengembangan pemukiman yang terdapat dalam Zona I agar proses pembangunan tidak mengesampingkan faktor keberlanjutan (sustainability), mitigasi bencana, dan mampu berpihak pada multi sektor seperti halnya konsep pemanfaatan ruang dan bangunan dengan asimilasi multi fungsi. Proses rehab-rekon dikhawatirkan akan mengesampingkan penetapan fungsi utama kawasan sebagai coastal buffer dimana mungkin akan menimbulkan masalah baru sehingga pernyataan di atas perlu dibuktikan dengan sebuah penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor penentu yang mempengaruhi perubahan pola pemukiman Gampong Jawa hasil pembangunan rehab-rekon tahun 2009 dan memahami perubahan fisik dan non-fisik kawasan Gampong Jawa pra-pasca tsunami 26 Desember 2004. Adapun metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode observasi, questioner, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemukiman Gampong Jawa hasil rehab-rekon 2009 memiliki pola pertumbuhan kawasan yang sedikit sama dengan kondisi pratsunami 2004, sebaran massa lebih merata dengan butiran massa lebih kecil dan cendrung seragam, tipologi massa lebih berfariasi dibandingkan pra tsunami. Pola kawasan Gampong Jawa secara keseluruhan telah mengadopsi upaya mitigasi bencana melalui proses re-design pola sirkulasi dan peruntukan kawasan ex-tambak sebagai wilayah konservasi hutan mangrove. Sifat pertumbuhan kawasan permukiman cendrung agresif karena masyarakat penerima rumah bantuan umumnya melakukan extensifikasi volume massa yang berfungsi sebagai rumah tinggal sebagai salah satu upaya adaptasi. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah sebagai berikut : Pola kawasan pemukiman menetap, karakter pertumbuhan kawasan cendrung instan linier dengan geometric lay out, tipolagi massa bervariasi, ukuran massa relative seragam, dan sebaran butiran massa lebih renggang. Adapun faktor nonfisik yang mempengaruhi perubahan pola pemukiman adalah faktor kebijakan rehab-rekon, ekonomi, sosial, dan psikologi.

This research is motivated by the facts of landscape’s physical changes which was caused by the tsunami disaster on December 26th 2004. Where the tsunami had destroyed most of the dense growth areas along the north-west coast of Aceh province which is made up of many water front cities, including Gampong Jawa which is located along the northern shoreline of Banda Aceh City. Tsunamis have changed the landscape, land use, and the area structure of Gampong Jawa which was originally as a dense residential stretch then became vacant. Blue print guidelines of rehab-recons has put 2 km as a proper development distance from the coastline to land, and BRR regulations have allowed to re-build the coastal settlements which has created a new conflict on the main purpose of the coastal space which is coastal buffer that ideally should be spared from the pressure of development eforce. The functions of two regulations for Gampong Jawa definitely needs good assessment/research that is able to produce a special approach on conducting residential development design guideline which is located in Zone I, so then the development process will not exclude the sustainability factor, disaster mitigation factor, and able to side with the multi-sector as well as the concept of land use with multi-functional assimilation. It is feared the process of rehab-recon will override the main function of the coastal buffer, which could lead to new problems but need to be proved with research. This research aims to identify determining factors which influence the changing of the pattern of Gampong Jawa settlement as a result of the rehab-recon development in 2009, and to understand the physical and non physical factors in Gampong Jawa before and after the tsunami on December 26th 2004. The method for collecting data included observations, questioners, and interviews. The result from this research shows that the settlement of Gampong Jawa rehab-recon 2009 has a changing of the pattern which is similar to the condition pre-tsunami 2004, but more evenly spread of building unit with a smaller and uniform size. The typology of the building units is more variable compared to before the tsunami. After adapting disaster mitigation efforts, the pattern in the area of Gampong Jawa as a whole has gone through a process of redesigning circulation pattern and allocation of the ex-dam area as a region to prepare and to conserve the mangrove forest. The characteristic of growth in settlement tends to be aggressive because the recipients of the public housing are extending their homes as a form of adaptation. The conclusion of this research is as follows: the pattern of settlement is stable, the character of growth tends to be linier instantaneous with geometric lay out, building unit typology is more variable, the size of the building unit is uniform and the separation is more distant. The non physical factors which influence the change in the settlement pattern are the rehab-recon regulation, economic, social, and a little bit psychology

Kata Kunci : Zona I, Pola pemukiman, Gampong Jawa