PUITIKA DALAM NANDAI RADIN KUNING: SASTRA LISAN SERAWAI, BENGKULU

Bustanuddin Lubis, S. S., Prof. Dr. Imran Teuku Abdullah

2011 | Tesis | S2 Sastra

Sastra lisan nandai adalah jenis seni vokal tradisional yang dibawakan oleh tukang nandai dan dipertunjukan pada malam hari. Nandai merupakan salah satu sastra lisan Serawai, Bengkulu yang sudah ditinggalkan masyarakatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan puitika sastra lisan nandai yang dilihat dari tukang nandai, pertunjukan, masyarakat, dan teksnya. Objek material penelitian ini adalah sastra lisan nandai yang berjudul Nandai Radin Kuning (NRK) diperoleh melalui perekaman langsung dan data pendukung dikumpulkan dengan wawancara. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas yakni kehidupan masyarakat Serawai sebagai pemilik sastra lisan, proses yang dilalui tukang nandai, pertunjukan nandai, dan struktur teks NRK. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan perekaman NRK dan wawancara. Data dibedah dengan konsep puitika, konsep konvensi, dan konsep formula. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Dang Nas (tukang nandai) sebelum menjadi tukang nandai melalui proses transmisi dengan belajar pada orangtua dan abangnya. Pertunjukan NRK dibagi dalam pembukaan, pertunjukan, istirahat, dan penutup. Komposisi teks tidak baku dan dapat berkembang sesuai dengan konteks dan keinginan tukang nandai. Teks NRK terdiri dari 13 episode, 565 bait, dan 4107 larik. Tema mayor NRK menceritakan Radin Kuning yang hilang karena suatu musibah dan ditemukan orang Aceh kemudian dibawa ke kota Aceh. Radin Kuning mengalami banyak petuangan sebelum kembali ke desanya dan bertemu dengan keluarganya. Konvensi yang terdapat dalam teks NRK terdiri dari pembuka, isi, sisipan, dan penutup. Formula dalam teks NRK yakni epitet, waktu, peralihan tokoh, pembuka cerita, penekanan cerita, awal satu kisah, akhir satu kisah, peristiwa, penutup cerita, paralelisme, dan repetisi. Frase-frase dalam formula ini merupakan stock in trade yang ada dalam pikiran tukang nandai. Sastra lisan nandai perlu untuk direvitalisasi kembali karena tradisi ini dapat menumbuhkan sikap saling menghargai dan menumpuhkan kepedulian antarsesama warga masyarakat. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan pembelajaran untuk muatan lokal generasi muda.

Nandai oral literature is a kind of traditional vocal art which is told by a nandai storyteller and performed at night. Nandai is one of oral literature from Serawai, Bengkulu, which is already left behind by its people. This research is aimed to reveal oral literature nandai poetics viewed from the storyteller, the show, the text, and the people. The material object of this research is nandai oral literature entitled Nandai Radin Kuning (NRK). The main data is obtained from direct recording, whereas the supporting data is collected from interviews. The problem of this research is to analyze the life of Serawai people as the oral literature owner, the process undergone by nandai storyteller, nandai performance, and the structure of NRK text. The method used is qualitative research methods. Data collected by recording NRK and interviews. Data processing is done by using the approach of oral literature, poetics, convention, and formula concepts. The result of this research shows that before Dang Nas (the nandai storyteller) become a nandai storyteller, he has undergone transmission process by learning it from his father and his elder brother. NRK show is divided into opening, performance, break, and closing. The text composition does not have a fixed standard and can be improvised according to the context and the will of the nandai storyteller. The text transcript consists of 13 episodes, 565 couplets, and 4107 lines. The major text of NRK tells about the story of Radin Kuning was lost in an accident and then the boy (Radin Kuning) was found by someone from Aceh. The boy was then brought to Aceh city. The boy (Radin Kuning) had undergone many adventures before he came home to his village and met his family. The convention of NRK text consists of opening, content, insertion, and closing. The NRK text formula is epithet, time, characters shift, the story exposition, the story stressing, the beginning of a story, the ending of a story, event, the story closing, parallelism, and repetition. The phrases in this formula are stock in trade existing in the nandai storyteller mind. The nandai oral literature needs to be preserved because by revitalizing the tradition can emerge the respecting and caring attitude between the members of its society. The result of this research can be made as a local content study material for the young generation.

Kata Kunci : sastra lisan, nandai, Serawai, puitika, formula