Tata suku dan tata spasial pada arsitektur permukiman Suku Dawan di Desa Kaenbaun di Pulau Timor

PURBADI, Yohanes Djarot, Promotor Prof. Ir. Achmad Djunaedi, MUP., Ph.D

2010 | Disertasi | S3 Teknik Arsitektur dan Perencanaan

Arsitektur permukiman vernakular merupakan topik penelitian yang menarik karena budaya dan kearifan lokal penghuninya terungkap pada tata permukiman. Sampai saat ini, pengetahuan tentang arsitektur permukiman vernakular tersingkir dari wacana filosofi, pendekatan dan teori-teori tentang arsitektur permukiman diIndonesia. Pada sisi yang lain, fenomena arsitektur permukiman vernakular diyakini mengandung potensi yang mampu melahirkan teori-teori lokal untuk menata permukiman lama atau baru sesuai dengan budaya masyarakat dan alam lokal dalam arus arsitektur yang berkelanjutan.Penelitian tentang fenomena arsitektur permukiman vernakular dalam konteks sosio-budaya suku Dawan di desa Kaenbaun di pulau Timor ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan paradigma dan metoda fenomenologi Husserlian. Tujuan penelitian adalah menghasilkan pemahaman mendalam (verstehen) tentang budaya bermukimdi kalangan suku Dawan di desa Kaenbaun dan menemukan konsep-konsep serta teori-teori implisit yang di gunakan dalam menciptakan arsitektur permukiman mereka.Hasil penelitian ini adalah pengetahuan mendalam tentang sosio-budaya orang Kaenbaun dan temuan teori tata spasial yang mendasari rancangan permukiman mereka. Tata spasial arsitektur permukiman Kaenbaun dilandasi oleh empat unsur spiritual yaitu (1) faotkana, (2) oekana, (3) umesuku, dan (4) ajaran Gereja Katolik dan didukung oleh tata suku yang berlandaskan empat konsep spesifik, yaitu (1)konsep persaudaraan etnis, (2) konsep kemenyatuan nenek-moyang dan Gereja Katolik, (3) konsep keragaman kultur dalam kesatuan, dan (4) konsep menyatu dengan alam. Empat konsep spesifik tersebut melahirkan tradisi adat lokal yang menjadi pedoman bagi perilaku spasial orang Kaenbaun dan mendasari tata spasial permukiman Kaenbaun. Teori tata spasial pada permukiman Kaenbaun secara hakiki berakar pada konsep hidup ideal orang Dawan di Kaenbaun: hidup ideal adalah yang menyatu dengan Tuhan (Uis Neno), nenek-moyang (bei nai), sesama saudara (atoni)dan alam semesta. Teori tata spasial Kaenbaun disebut sebagai teori sosio-spiritual spasial karena mengandung substansi sosial dan spiritual

Architecture of vernacular settlement is an interesting research topic since it expresses the culture and the local wisdom of its people. Until now knowledge about architecture of vernacular settlements is still marginalized from the discourses of philosophies, approaches and theories about settlement architecture in Indonesia.On the other sense, architecture of vernacular settlement phenomena is believed to have potentials to build local theories for conserving and preserving the old settlements and produce new settlements design which based on local wisdom that fit with local cultures and physical conditions and in line with sustainable architecture.This research is about architecture of vernacular settlement in socio-cultural contexts of Dawanese in Kaenbaun village of Timor island. The research was guided by Husserlian phenomenology paradigm. The objectives of the research are to reach indepth understanding about of Dawanese settlement culture in Kaenbaun village and to find the concepts and implicit theories which are used for designing thearchitecture of their settlement. The results of the research are indepth knowledge about Kaenbaunese socioculture and its settlement architecture, and the spatial formation theory as the base of their settlement design. Formation of Kaenbaun settlement architecture is based on four spiritual elements i.e. (1) sacred stone, (2) sacred water spring, (3) clan sacred house, and (4) catholic belief. Spatial formation of Kaenbaun settlement architecture is based on Kaenbaun unique clans formation that are supported by four specific concepts, i.e. (1) ethnical brotherhood concept, (2) unite of the ancestor within catholic church, (3) cultural diversity in unity, and (4) unite with nature. The four specific concepts generate local customs and used as guidance for spatial behavior of Kaenbaun people and as the base for their spatial formation of Kaenbaun settlement design. The Kaenbaun spatial formation theory is essentially based on the Kaenbaunese ideal values: ideal life is in union with God, ancestors,brothers and sisters, and nature in the universe. Based on that reason, the Kaenbaun spatial formation theory called socio-spiritual spatial theory because contains with social and spiritual substances.

Kata Kunci : Permukiman vernakular,Tata suku,Tata spasial,Sosio-spiritual spasial,Vernacular Settlement, Clan Formation, Spatial Formation, Sociospiritual Spatial