Industri pribumi daerah Yogyakarta masa kolonial, 1830-an-1930-an

HARYONO, Anton, Promotor Prof. Dr. Bambang Purwanto, MA

2009 | Disertasi |

Disertasi ini membahas perkembangan industri pribumi di daerah Yogyakarta pada masa kolonial, 1830-an – 1930-an. Bertolak dari letak daerah Yogyakarta di pedalaman, yang sering dipahami sebagai ranah pertanian, studi ini berkepentingan untuk mengetahui intensitas dan keluasan kegiatan industri tersebut. Pembahasan ditempuh dengan mempertimbangkan kegiatan industri di Jawa yang pada dasarnya bersifat marginal. Persoalannya adalah apakah sifat pedalaman memperparah marginalitas industri, dan hal ini akan dibahas bersama-sama dengan masalah vitalitas kegiatan ekonomi itu dalam menghadapi tantangan dan peluang zaman. Dengan memakai sejumlah sumber primer maupun sekunder, disertasi ini disusun sebagai studi sejarah sosial-ekonomi. Intensitas, keluasan, dan vitalitas industri tidak hanya dideskripsikan dalam serial waktu, tetapi juga dianalisis kausalitasnya dengan berbagai faktor, seperti lingkungan, sosial, ekonomi, politik-ekonomi, dan kebudayaan. Dalam konteks ini, peran institusi-institusi pelingkup, seperti keraton, pemerintah kolonial, perkebunan, serta perdagangan dan industri non-pribumi akan dieksplorasi lebih lanjut. Dari hasil studi diketahui bahwa letak geografis pedalaman. tidak menghalangi bagi kegiatan industri yang intensif dan ekstensif. Bahkan, daerah Yogyakarta mampu menunjukkan diri sebagai yang terkemuka di Jawa. Sektor industri yang dibangun tidak (terlalu) marginal dan daya kompetisinya juga cukup baik. Sektor ini menjadi solusi atas masalah kekurangan lahan pertanian seiring dengan pertambahan penduduk. Pertumbuhannya dirangsang oleh menguatnya ekonomi uang dan membaiknya infrastruktur sebagai akibat dari eksistensi perkebunan, serta ditopang oleh berlimpahnya sumber daya alam dan kuatnya tradisi manufaktur, yang pada masa-masa awal berkaitan dengan keraton. Meskipun demikian, sebagian besar usaha dijalankan dalam bentuk industri rumah dan industri kecil, karena formasi modal di kalangan rakyat terhambat oleh kuatnya budaya feodal dan kolonial. Semua institusi pelingkup memiliki pengaruh berwajah ganda, pada satu sisi bersifat mendukung, dan pada sisi lain menghambat. Dalam konteks pribumi daerah Yogyakarta, kegiatan industry telah lama membudaya. Ketika terjadi stagnasi dan kemunduran, revitalisasi terhadapnya tidak sulit untuk dilakukan, terutama ketika krisis ekonomi membutuhkan solusi yang cepat, murah, dan praktis. Sektor ini tidak hanya memberikan penghasilan tambahan bagi banyak orang, tetapi juga telah melahirkan pengusaha-pengusaha handal dengan kekayaan yang mengagumkan.

This dissertation is discussing the development of indigenous industry in Yogyakarta region during the colonial era of 1830s-1930s. Referring to the fact that Yogyakarta region is located in the inland Java, which was often considered as agricultural domain, the study aims at knowing the intensity and vastness of its indigenous industrial activities. The analysis considers the industrial activities in Java which were basically marginal in nature. The question to be answered is whether the location had aggravated the marginality of its industry. The discussion of the question also includes the problem of the vitality of the economic activities in the face of the challenges and opportunities of the period. The dissertation is presented as a study of socio-economic history, employing primary and secondary data. It not only describes the intensity, vastness and vitality of the industry but also analyzes such causal factors as environment, society, economy, economic politics, and culture. As such, it further explores the roles of the royal palace, colonial government, plantation, non-indigenous trade and industry. The findings of the study show that the inland location did not hinder the intensive and extensive industrial activities, and even the industrial activities in Yogyakarta region exceeded those in other region in Java. The indigenous industry was not (too) marginal and its vitality or competitiveness was relatively good. The industrial sector became a solution to the problem of the decrease in farmland as the result of the growth of population. The growth of industry was encouraged by the strengthening of money economy and the improvement of the infrastructure as the result of the establishment of plantation. It was also supported by the abundance of the natural resources, and the strength of the manufacturing tradition which in the beginning was related to the exixtence of the palace. However,most of the industrial activities were run in the form of home industry and small-scale industry because the formation of capital among the ordinary people was obstructed by feudalism and colonialism. All related institutions had double-edged influences. On the one hand, they were supportive and on the other hand they were obstructive. In the context of the indigenous people of Yogyakarta region, the industrial sector had become a tradition. When it got stagnant and had declined, its revitalization was not difficult to do, especially when the economic crisis called for a solution which was fast, cheap and practical. This sector had provided extra income for a great deal of people and brought about solid and wealthy entrepreneurs.

Kata Kunci : Industri,Pribumi,Yogyakarta,Masa kolonial,industry, indigenous, Yogyakarta, colonial era