Pengaruh varietas unggul terhadap efisiensi usahatani dan distribusi pendapatan rumah tangga petani jagung pada daerah sentra produksi di Kalimantan Barat

KUSRINI, Novira, Promotor Prof. Dr. Ir. Irham, M.Sc

2009 | Disertasi |

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi : (1) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi petani dalam pemilihan varietas jagung (2) pengaruh varietas unggul (hibrida dan komposit) dan faktor- faktor lainnya terhadap produktivitas usahatani jagung; (3) pengaruh varietas unggul (hibrida dan komposit) dan faktor- faktor lainnya terhadap pendapatan usahatani jagung; (4) pengaruh varietas unggul (hibrida dan komposit) terhadap efisiensi ekonomi relatif usahatani jagung dibandingkan dengan varietas lokal dan (5) pengaruh varietas unggul (hibrida dan komposit) terhadap distribusi pendapatan fungsiona l usahatani jagung dan distribusi pendapatan personal rumah tangga petani jagung serta bagaimana distribusi lahan yang diusahakan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Bengkayang dan Kota Singkawang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode proportional stratified random sampling. Data digunakan satu titik waktu dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 232 petani, terdiri atas 72 petani pola varietas lokal, 23 petani pola varietas komposit, 93 petani pola varietas hibrida dan 44 petani pola varietas hibrida-komposit. Analisis data menggunakan Model Ordinal Logit (OLOGISTIK), Model Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dan Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR). Selanjutnya digunakan pendekatan factor shares, earner shares dan Gini Ratio Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi petani dalam pemilihan varietas adalah luas lahan, etnis (asal petani), musim tanam, umur, jarak rumah petani-lokasi budidaya jagung dan pengalaman; (2) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tanaman jagung adalah : luas lahan, benih, pupuk organik, pestisida, tenaga kerja, frekuensi bimbingan, jarak tanam, etnis (asal petani) Jawa, jarak rumah petani-lokasi budidaya jagung dan varietas; (3) Produktivitas jagung varietas hibrida lebih tinggi daripada varietas komposit dan lokal pada setiap musim tanam; (4) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pendapatan tanaman jagung adalah : luas lahan, harga pupuk anorganik, umur, pendidikan, pengalaman, frekuensi bimbingan, jarak tanam, jarak rumah petani- lokasi budidaya jagung, etnis (asal petani) Dayak dan varietas; (5) Pendapatan jagung varietas hibrida lebih tinggi daripada varietas komposit dan lokal pada setiap musim tanam (6) Pengusahaan varietas unggul dapat meningkatkan efisiensi ekonomi relatif usahatani tanaman jagung dibandingkan dengan varietas lokal; (7) Pengusahaan varietas unggul dapat meningkatkan kontribusi sarana produksi terhadap nilai produksi, sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan pemilik saprodi baik pada MK dan MH; (8) Pengusahaan varietas unggul dapat memperbaiki ketimpanga n distribusi pendapatan usahatani jagung dan rumah tangga petani; (9) Adanya aktivitas luar pertanian sebagai sumber pendapatan memberikan bias negatif atau memperburuk distribusi pendapatan total rumah tangga.

This study aims to identify: (1) factors influencing farmers in choosing corn variety; (2) the impact of high-yielding varieties (hybrid and composite towards the productivity of corn; (3) the impact of high-yielding varieties (hybrid and composite) towards farm income; (4) the impact of high-yielding varieties (hybrid and composite) towards the relative economic efficiency of corn farming which is compared with local variety and (5) the impact of high-yielding varieties (hybrid and composite) towards the distribution of functional income and personal income of the corn farmers’ household and the distribution of operating land. This study was conducted in Bengkayang Regency and Singkawang City. Proportional stratified random sampling is used in this study. Cross-sectional data with total samples of 232 farmers consisting of 72 farmers using local variety pattern, 23 farmers using composite variety, 93 farmers using hybrid variety and 44 farmers using hybrid-composite variety. Ordinal Logit (OLOGISTIK), Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) were employed in analysing data. Furthermore, factor shares, earner shares and Gini Ratio were used in analysis distribution f income. The research result shows that: (1) the factors influencing farmers in choosing variety are farm size, Javanese ethnic (farmers’ origin), Dayaknese, China, crop season, age of farmer, the distance from farmer’s home with the location of corn cultivation and experience of farmer; (2) the factors influencing the productivity of corn: farm size, seeds, organic fertilizer, pesticide, labors, the frequency of guidance, crop interval, Javanese ethnic (farmers’ origin), the distance from farmer’s home with the location of corn cultivation and variety; (3) the productivity of hybrid variety corn is higher than that of composite and local varieties in every crop season; (4) the factors influencing income of corn farming: farm size, the price of chemical fertilizers, age of farmer, education of farmer, experience of farmer, the frequency of guidance, crop interval, the distance from farmer’s home with the location of corn cultivation, Dayaknese ethnic (farmers’ origin) and variety; (5) the income of hybrid variety corn is higher than that of composite and local varieties in every planting season (6) The usage of high-yielding variety can increase the relative economic efficiency of corn compared to that of local variety; (7) The usage of high-yielding varieties can increase the contribution of management’s value and production’s input towards the value of production. High-yielding variety can increase the farmers’ income and income of the production’s input owner neither in dry and rain seasons; (8) The usage of highyielding variety can improve the lameness of corn farm income distribution and distribution of households’ income; (9) the existence of non-agriculture activities as the source of income gives negative bias or worsen the distribution of total household’s income.

Kata Kunci : Varietas unggul, Efisiensi ekonomi relatif, Distribusi pendapatan, high-yielding variety, the relative economic efficiency and the distribution of income