Pengaruh pelatihan resiliensi dan penyuluhan untuk menurunkan trauma psikologis dan meningkatkan empati pada guru di Kabupaten Aceh Selatan

SULISTYANINGSIH, Wiwik, Promotor Prof. Dr. Endang Ekowarni

2009 | Disertasi |

Pelatihan resiliensi dimaksudkan sebagai suatu upaya prevensi gangguan trauma psikologis agar tidak berkembang menjadi keadaan yang lebih merugikan. Dalam penelitian ini pelatihan resiliensi dirancang untuk menurunkan trauma psikologis dan meningkatkan empati pada kelompok masyarakat yang berisiko tinggi terkena gangguan trauma psikologis sebagai dampak situasi kekerasan perang. Penyusunan modul pelatihan resiliensi didasarkan pada model pendekatan kognitif-perilakuan yang dipadukan dengan refleksi nilai-nilai islami dan disajikan dalam bentuk terapi kelompok. Pelatihan resiliensi dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan Modul Pelatihan Resiliensi yang terdiri dari : (1) Membangun kohesivitas kelompok, (2) Terapi paparan dan debriefing psikologis, (3) Trauma psikologis, (4) Mengelola emosi, (5) Empati, (6) Optimisme, (7) Resiliensi, dan (8) Rangkuman terapi kelompok. Pelatihan dilaksanakan di dalam ruangan Kantor Dinas Pendidikan Pemuda dan Olah Raga Kabupaten Aceh Selatan pada bulan Juli 2006. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna menguji pengaruh pelatihan resiliensi untuk menurunkan trauma psikologis pada guru yang berisiko tinggi terkena gangguan trauma psikologis. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian adalah: Ada perbedaan penurunan trauma psikologis dan peningkatan empati antara sebelum, sesudah, dan tindak lanjut pada kelompok pelatihan resiliensi, kelompok penyuluhan, dan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan trauma psikologis dan peningkatan empati kelompok pelatihan resiliensi lebih tinggi daripada kelompok penyuluhan dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian adalah guru sekolah dasar di wilayah Kabupaten Aceh Selatan Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. Jumlah subjek adalah 102 orang yang dibagi secara random assignment ke dalam kelompok resiliensi 37 orang, kelompok penyuluhan 27 orang, dan kelompok kontrol 38 orang. Alat untuk memperoleh data digunakan Skala Trauma Psikologis dan Skala Empati. Analisis data dilakukan dengan Analisis Variansi 1-Jalur Gabung 1-Faktor untuk mengetahui perbedaan trauma psikologis dan empati antara sebelum, sesudah, dan tindak lanjut perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Ada perbedaan penurunan trauma psikologis antara subjek yang mendapat pelatihan resiliensi dengan subjek yang mendapat penyuluhan trauma psikologis dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek yang mendapat pelatihan resiliensi menunjukkan penurunan trauma psikologis yang lebih besar daripada subjek yang mendapat penyuluhan trauma psikologis dan subjek di kelompok kontrol; (2) Ada perbedaan peningkatan empati antara subjek yang mendapat pelatihan resiliensi dengan subjek yang mendapat penyuluhan trauma psikologis dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek yang mendapat pelatihan resiliensi menunjukkan peningkatan empati yang lebih tinggi daripada subjek yang mendapat penyuluhan trauma psikologis dan subjek di kelompok kontrol.

Resilience training was aimed at preventing psychological trauma disorder from developing into more adverse condition. In this research, resilience training was designed to reduce psychological trauma and increase empathy among the communities which were highly vulnerable to psychological trauma disorder as a result of war violence situation. The development of training modules were based on cognitive-behavioral approach models which were combined with reflection on Islamic values and were presented in the form of group therapy. Resilience training was administered using Resilience Training Modules which consisted of: (1) Building group cohesiveness, (2) Exposure therapy and psychological debriefing, (3) Psychological trauma, (4) Emotion management, (5) Empathy, (6) Optimism, (7) Resilience, and (8) Summary of group therapy. The training was administered in the room of The Office of Education, Youth and Sport Service in South Aceh Regency in July 2006. This research was done to investigate the impacts of resilience training in reducing psychological trauma in teachers who were highly vulnerable to psychological trauma disorder. The hypothesis proposed in this research was: There were differences in psychological trauma reduction and empathy increase before and after the treatment, and during the follow up between the resilience training group, the elucidation group, and the control group. The psychological trauma reduction and empathy increase within the resilience training group were higher than those in elucidation group and control group. The subjects of this research were elementary teachers in South Aceh Regency Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province. The number of subjects was 102 people which were randomly assigned into the resilience group (37 people), elucidation group (27 people), and control group (38 people). The tools used to collect the data were Psychological Trauma Scale and Empathy Scale. The data analysis was done by combined 1- factor 1-way analysis of variant to identify the differences of psychological trauma and empathy before and after the treatment and during the follow up treatment. The research results sho wed that: (1) There were psychological trauma reduction between the subjects treated with resilience training and those subjects with psychological trauma elucidation and the control group. The subjects assigned to resilience training presented greater reduction of psychological trauma than those assigned to psychological trauma elucidation and those in control group; (2) There were differences of empathy increase between the subjects assigned to resilience training and those assigned to psychological trauma elucidation and the control group. The subjects assigned to resilience training showed higher empathy increase than those subjects assigned to psychological trauma elucidation and those in the control group.

Kata Kunci : Resiliensi,Trauma psikologis,Pendekatan kognitif-perilakuan