Analisis kebijakan subsidi pupuk anorganik dalam konteks pengembangan pertanian organik di Indonesia

SOEDJAIS, Zaenal, Promotor Prof. Dr. Dibyo Prabowo, M.Sc

2008 | Disertasi |

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses perumusan dan dampak pelaksanaan kebijakan subsidi pupuk anorganik serta prospek pengembangan pertanian organik. Data yang digunakan mancakup data primer maupun sekunder. Data primer diperoleh melalui survei terhadap 178 responden di 2 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Sragen, Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan 70 responden di 2 Kecamatan di Kabupaten Bantul, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Di samping itu, dilakukan pula diskusi kelompok terfokus dan wawancara dengan sekitar 50 responden. Data sekunder diantaranya diperoleh dari berbagai lembaga yang relevan, seperti Asosiasi Produsen Pupuk Indonesia, Badan Pusat Statistik, Departemen Pertanian, Departemen Keuangan, Departemen Perindustrian, dan Departemen Perdagangan. Untuk menguji hipotesis, penelitian dirancang menggunakan beberapa alat analisis, seperti analisis kualitatif yang meliputi kajian literatur, triangulasi, dan SWOT, maupun analisis kuantitatif yang terdiri dari statistik deskriptif, ekonometrika (OLS), dan analisis laba-rugi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perumusan kebijakan subsidi pupuk anorganik belum dilaksanakan secara komprehensif, sehingga kesejahteraan petani cenderung terabaikan. Selain itu, kebijakan subsidi terbukti mendorong peningkatan penggunaan pupuk anorganik di kalangan petani melebih dosis yang seharusnya, sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan lahan pertanian and lingkungan serta mengganggu kapasitas ketahanan pangan dalam jangka panjang. Temuan lainnya adalah bahwa petani seringkali membeli pupuk anorganik di atas HET yang ditetapkan pemerintah. Penawaran pupuk anorganik diketahui hanya dipengaruhi oleh luas lahan padi, sedangkan permintaan pupuk anorganik dipengaruhi oleh harga GKG, luas lahan padi, dan kondisi perekonomian. Sementara itu, pupuk anorganik terbukti berpengaruh terhadap produksi padi bersama-sama dengan harga GKG, luas lahan padi, dan pekerja di sector pertanian. Penelitian dapat menunjukkan bahwa pertanian organik mempunyai prospek yang baik untuk dikembangkan dengan beberapa pertimbangan, seperti ketersediaan bahan baku secara melimpah sekaligus menyelesaikan permasalahan limbah, potensi pasar, mengurangi biaya input produksi pertanian, kemampuan menjaga dan memperbaiki kualitas lahan, kelestarian lingkungan, mengamankan produksi pangan dalam jangka panjang, peningkatan pendapatan petani, serta preferensi konsumen mengenai bahan pangan sehat. Namun demikian, ditemukan pula bahwa komitmen pemerintah untuk mendorong pengembangan pertanian organik relatif masih terbatas.

This research is aimed at analyzing the formulation, implementation and impacts of inorganic fertilizer subsidies and the prospects of organic farming development. The data used include primary and secondary data. Primary data has been collected via survey of 178 respondents in 2 Kecamatan in Kabupaten Sragen, Central Java Province, and 70 respondents in Kabupaten Bantul, Jogjakarta Province. In addition to this, focused group discussions and interviews have also been conducted involving about 50 respondents. Secondary data has been gathered from various relevant institutions such as the Association of Indonesian Fertilizer Producers, Central Statistic Agency, Department of Agriculture, Department of Finance, Department of Industry, and Department of Trade. To test the hypothesis, the research was designed with the use of several analytical tools, including qualitative analysis such as literature reviews, triangulation, and SWOT, and also quantitative analysis,consisting of descriptive statistics, econometrics (OLS), and cost-benefit analysis. The results show that the formulation of the inorganic fertilizer subsidy policy was not undertaken comprehensively, and in consequence, the welfare of farmers was largely disregarded. Apart from this, the subsidy policy, throughout the years of its implementation, has encouraged the farmers to utilize inorganic fertilizers in quantities exceeding the appropriate doses, a practice that ultimately damaged agricultural lands and the environment, thus reducing the long-term food security of the regions involved. The other findings indicate that the farmers often bought inorganic fertilizers at higher prices, and above of the maximum retail price as stipulated by the Government. The supply of inorganic fertilizers is determined by one key factor, which is the size of paddy land, whereas the demand for inorganic fertilizers is driven by the price of dried unhulled paddy, the size of paddy land, and economic conditions in general. At the same time, inorganic fertilizers are a proven factor that influence paddy production together with the other factors, such as dried unhulled paddy price, the size of paddy land, and the number of agricultural laborers. Furthermore, the research shows that the organic agriculture has a great potential for development. This is based on several considerations, such as the availability of abundant raw materials, effective waste disposal solutions, good market prospects, lower agriculture input costs, the capability to maintain and improve land quality and the preservation of the environment. Some of the benefits of developing organic agriculture are the securing of long-term food supplies, increase of farmers’ income, and the increased availability of healthy, organic food items. So far, however, the Government’s commitment in supporting the development of organic agriculture is still relatively limited.

Kata Kunci : Kebijakan subsidi,Pupuk anorganik,Pertanian organik,subsidy policy, inorganic fertilizer, organic agriculture