Pengelolaan konflik pendirian menara BTS (Base Transceiver Station) di kawasan Borobudur
SWASTIKAWATI, Ari, Dr. Daud Aris Tanudirjo, MA
2010 | Tesis | S2 ArkeologiSalah satu nilai penting Kawasan Candi Borobudur adalah nilai keindahan natural landscape yang berkaitan dengan desain yang melekat pada keberadaannya dan kecantikan panorama di sekitarnya. Desain yang melekat dapat menunjukan ide dan gagasan nenek moyang dalam menentukan tempat dimana Candi Borobudur didirikan. Candi Borobudur telah ditetapkan sebagai World Culture Heritage oleh Komite Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada tahun 1991 nomor 592. Sebagai konsekuensi, keadaan kawasan situs ini akan selalu menjadi perhatian dunia, melalui pemantauan dan evaluasi oleh UNESCO. Sementara itu pada awal abad ke-21 ini, berkembang dengan pesat alat komunikasi yang disebut handphone. Untuk meluaskan penggunaan alat itu dibutuhkan Base Transeiver Station atau BTS berupa menara yang menjulang cukup tinggi di tempat-tempat strategis. Di Kawasan Borobudur telah berdiri sejumlah menara BTS, milik beberapa operator telpon selluler. Keberadaan menara ini ternyata memicu konflik yang diawali oleh pendapat UNESCO dalam kegiatan Expert Meeting pada tahun 2003. Mereka menganggap keberadaan beberapa menara BTS telah merusak integritas visual lanskap Kawasan Candi Borobudur. Konflik ini berkembang menjadi semakin rumit karena melibatkan kepentingan banyak pihak, baik dari sektor swasta, pemerintah pusat (beberapa departemen), pemerintah daerah, maupun masyarakat setempat. Karena itu, perlu segera dicarikan solusi untuk memecahkan konflik tersebut. Sesuai dengan tujuannya, penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam konteks resolusi konflik sehingga digunakan metode yang sesuai dengan itu. Data awal dihimpun melalui pengamatan atau observasi dan wawancara terhadap informan dari berbagai pihak. Selanjutnya, identifikasi dan analisis konflik dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat-alat analisis konflik seperti: penahapan konflik, pembuatan peta konflik, analisis piramida dan analisis bawang bombay. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa isu utama konflik pendirian menara BTS di Kawasan Candi Borobudur adalah perbedaan kepentingan antara pelestarian dan pemanfaatan ruang Kawasan Borobudur. Ada beberapa pihak yang menjadi aktor utama dalam konflik, termasuk dua departemen utama yaitu Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata dan Departemen Komunikasi dan Informatika. Akar pemasalahannya antara lain adalah (1) peraturan pengelolaan kawasan Candi Borobudur baik UU BCB, KEPPRES NO.1 tahun 1992 dan Peraturan Menteri Komunikasi dan Informasi yang belum sesuai dan berkesesuaian satu dengan lainya, (2) kurangnya koordinasi antar instansi terkait, dan (3) rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat terhadap pentingnya kelestarian kawasan di sekitar Candi Borobudur sebagai world culture heritage. Beberapa solusi dapat ditawarkan dalam konflik menara BTS di Kawasan Borobudur ini, di antaranya dengan penataan menara BTS melalui regulasi yang didahului dengan koordinasi antar instansi terkait. Selain itu, ada pula solusi secara teknis yaitu (1) mendirikan menara bersama dan tersamar, (2) menentukan ketinggian menara BTS berdasarkan analisa data geodetik dengan sistem informasi geografis, serta (3) relokasi menara BTS berdasarkan rata-rata diameter masing-masing zona dan jarak antar menara BTS. Keseluruhan program untuk menyelesaian konflik menara BTS di Kawasan Candi Borobudur dapat dilaksanakan melalui program jangka pendek, menengah dan jangka panjang.
One of the important values of the Borobudur Temple Compounds is its cultural landscape which reflects an outstanding integrated design incorporating the exceptional location of the temples in the surrounding beautiful natural setting. This integrated design could give an idea why the architect decided to build the monument in its present location. For its outstanding cultural values, since 1991 Borobudur Temple Compound has been enlisted as World Cultural Heritage number 592 by UNESCO World Heritage Committee. As the consequence, the conservation state of the monuments and its surrounding area will always be the world’s concern, through the monitoring and evaluation processes carried out by UNESCO. Meanwhile, entering the 21st Century, the world witnesses the exploding use of cellular or mobile phone networks almost in every part of the globe, including Borobudur area. To facilitate wider and easier communication for mobile phone users, many high Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) are constructed in strategic areas as it happens in the Borobudur area as well. The existence of the BTS has caught the attention of UNESCO experts in 2003 Expert Meeting. They consider that the BTS towers harm the visual integrity and the cultural landscape of Borobudur Temple Compounds. This had triggered conflict which was becoming more complicated as many parties with different interests involved. These includes private sectors, local governments, central government, and local communities. Certainly, this conflict should be resolved. This study addresses the conflict raised by the construction of BTS in the Borobudur area. Its objective is to find a resolution for the conflict. In accordance to its objective, it is necessary to conduct a study that follow a procedure for conflict resolution such as identification of the root of the conflict, conflict staging, and conflict mapping. Primary data were collected through observations, survey, and interviews with all parties. The data were then analysed by using conflict analysis tools such as pyramid, garlic, and tree analyses. The result shows that the main issue in the conflict of the BTS tower construction in Borobudur Temple Compounds basically lies in the different interests between conservation and utilization of Borobudur area as public area. Some parties become main actors in this conflict including Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Ministry of Communication and Information. The roots of this problem are (1) implementation of contradictive regulations within the Borobudur area, such as Cultural Properties Law, Presidential Decree number 1 year 1992, and Ministry of Communication and Information Decree that are not incorporated between each other, (2) lack of coordination between involved parties, and (3) lack of community awareness regarding the importance of conservation in the area surrounding Borobudur Temple Compounds as world cultural heritage. One of the solutions offered to solve the conflict is rearrangement of the existing towers to conform with the suitable regulation issued by the Ministry of Communication and Information and this would be preceeded by better coordination between all parties. Other conflict resolutions are more technical. These are (1) establishment of joint and camouflaged tower, (2) determining the height of BTS tower based on geodetic data analysis using geographic information system, and (3) relocation of BTS tower based on average diameter of each zone and range between each BTS tower. These conflict resolution programmes for the BTS tower construction within the Borobudur Temple Compounds may be divided into short term, intermediate term, and long term.
Kata Kunci : World cultural heritage,Conflict resolution,Cultural resources management,Borobudur temple compounds
