Optimasi proses pembuatan nitro sellulosa dari serat limbah industri sagu

PURNAWAN, Ir. Supranto, M.Sc., Ph.D

2010 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Kimia

Terdapat banyak industri rumah tangga di sentra pengolahan sagu di Bendo, Mekarsari, Tulung, Klaten, Jawa Tengah, dengan hasil produksi berupa tepung sagu rata-rata 400 ton/tahun, dari industri ini terdapat limbah berupa serat sagu. Proses pembuatan nitrocellulose dari serat sagu melalui dua tahap proses yaitu proses pertama delignifikasi serat sagu dengan proses soda nitrat menggunakan asam nitrat (HNO3) dan soda kaustik (NaOH), kemudian proses kedua nitrasi menggunakan asam nitrat (HNO3) dan katalisator asam sulfat (H2SO4). Proses dilakukan dalam labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi dengan pengaduk, serta pendingin. Suhu dijaga tetap. Proses delignifikasi dengan soda nitrat, dengan menggunakan 10 gram serat sagu, 400 ml HNO3 7,5% dan 400 mL NaOH 7,5%, suhu ±103oC, dan kecepatan pengadukan 400 rpm, diperoleh kondisi yang relatif baik dengan menggunakan konsentrasi NaOH 7,5 % dan waktu proses 1,5 jam. Pada kondisi tersebut diperoleh rendemen (hasil) 39,29%, dengan angka permanganat 1,56 dan kadar α selulosa 95,34%. Pada proses nitrasi dengan menggunakan asam nitrat 100% dan asam sulfat 97% dengan berat bahan 5 gram, suhu 300 C , rasio bahan terhadap asam campuran 1 : 20 , kadar air bahan 5,41 % , kecepatan pengadukan 200 rpm, waktu 150 menit, perbandingan asam campuran 1 : 4, diperoleh hasil relatip baik pada kondisi tersebut diperoleh kadar nitrogen 13,42 % mendekati kandungan nitrogen maksimum teoritis sebesar 14,14% serta hasil produk sebesar 151,22 %.

There are of home industries in sago processes center Bendo, Mekarsari, Tulung, Klaten, Central Java with sago flour product an average of 200 tons/year, these home industries produce waste by product of sago fibre. The process of nitrocellulose from sago fibre is done by two steps of the process, steps one is delignification using nitric acid (HNO3) and soda coustic (NaOH), then the second process as nitration using nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) catalist. The process is conducted in three neck flask equipped with a stirrer, and cooller. The temperature is kept constant. Delignification process of sago fibre was carried and by two steps. Firstly 10 grams of sago fiber adds by 400 ml of HNO3 7.5%. Secondly the product of step one adds by 400 mL of NaOH 7.5%, while the condition of both steps one kept on temperature of ±103 0C, and the stirring speed of 400 rpm, obtained relatively good condition by using NaOH concentrations of 7.5% and 1.5 hours of processing time. In these conditions the percentage of product cellulose results obtained is 39.29%, with the permanganate numbers of 1.56, the concentration of α cellulose 95.34%. In the process of nitration with 100% nitric acid concentration and sulfuric acid 97%, with 5 grams weight of cellulose, temperature of 30 0C, the ratio of cellulose with mixed acid of 1: 20, cellulose moisture content of 5.41%, the stirring speed 200 of rpm, processing time of 150 minutes, obtained a relatively good result as the ratio of nitric acid and sulfuric acid of 1:4. The concentration of nitrogen in nitrocellulose is 13.42 %, close to the theoritical maximum of nitrogen content of 14.14% and with percentage of product nitrocellulose (rendement) of 151.22%.

Kata Kunci : Limbah sagu,Selulosa,Delignifikasi,Nitrasi,Nitroselulosa,Nitrogen,sago waste, cellulose, delignification, nitrification, nitrocellulose, nitrogen