Komodifikasi hip-hop dan relasi inter-intrarasial di Bay area Amerika Serikat
SEPTIANA, Mita, Dr. GR Lono Lastoro Simatupang, MA
2010 | Tesis | S2 Kajian Budaya dan MediaPenelitian yang bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap komodifikasi hip-hop di Bay Area, Amerika Serikat sekaligus perubahan pola relasi inter/intrarasial antara kaum Kulit Hitam dengan Kulit Putih yang diakibatkan oleh praktik komodifikasi ini memiliki dua tujuan utama. Tujuan yang pertama adalah sebagai wujud pemahaman mendalam terhadap mekanisasi di balik proses komodifikasi hip-hop terutama dikaitkan dengan konteks kaum Kulit Hitam di Bay Area. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga dimaksudkan sebagai kontribusi terhadap wacana hip-hop di Indonesia, terutama dalam dunia akademis, mengingat jarang ditemukan adanya wacana maupun kajian hip-hop di Indonesia yang bersifat akademis. Lebih lanjut, dengan integrasi hip-hop dengan dunia akademis, peneliti mengharapkan kebudayaan hip-hop dapat dilihat dari perspektif yang berbeda, tidak hanya sekedar sebagai bentuk hiburan dari Barat yang kental akan beragam hal negatif, seperti hedonisme serta cerminan akan kebencian dan kekerasan belaka. Dalam proses penelitian tersebut, peneliti memanfaatkan teks tertulis tentang Kulit Hitam dan hip-hop dalam konteks Bay Area. Selain itu, peneliti juga memanfaatkan teks yang terkait dengan poskolonialisme dan “Dependencia Rules†agar dapat memperoleh gambaran besar mengenai relasi antara kaum Kulit Hitam dengan Kulit Putih. Setelah melakukan pembacaan tekstual maupun intertekstual terhadap beragam teks yang diperoleh melalui riset perpustakaan, Internet maupun dari media massa lain tersebut, peneliti kemudian mengaplikasikan sejumlah teori serta pendekatan yang sesuai. Selain itu, peneliti juga menggunakan metode etnografi virtual dengan diskusi melalui forum, chat room, dan wawancara lewat e-mail untuk berkomunikasi dengan narasumber. Berdasarkan penelitian yang sudah disebutkan di atas, dapat dilihat bahwa hip-hoppers Kulit Hitam di Bay Area berusaha mempertahankan esensi kultural dari hip-hop melalui radio komunitas, musik, majalah, dan fashion. Seiring perkembangan waktu, semua ragam hip-hop tersebut masuk ke ranah industri budaya dan berada dalam posisi yang sangat rentan akan kontrol Kulit Putih. Kontrol Kulit Putih tidak lantas menjadikan Kulit Hitam sepenuhnya dalam posisi sebagai “slave†karena masih ada sedikit akses berupa kontrol terhadap hip-hop meskipun hanya sebatas tema lagu, komposisi musik, dan desain saja. Melalui beragam proses komodifikasi hip-hop dalam ranah industri budaya tersebut, oposisi biner “klasik†antara “master†dengan “slave†atau “centre†dengan “periphery†tidak lagi mutlak. Posisi “master†dan “slave†seakan terus mengalami perputaran dalam “siklus†industri budaya. Sangat disayangkan bahwa perputaran yang dinamis dan fleksibel ini masih sulit untuk menghilangkan stigmatisasi ketergantungan “periphery†terhadap “centre.â€
The research aimed at analyzing the commodification of hip-hop in Bay Area, United States as well as acknowledging the change of inter/intraracial relationship pattern between the Blacks and the Whites resulting from the practice of hip-hop commodification has two main objectives. The first one is as a form of thorough understanding toward the mechanization beyond the commodification of hip-hop related to the Blacks living in Bay Area. Besides that, this research is also meant to be a contribution toward hip-hop discourse in Indonesia since it is still rare to find any academic hip-hop discourse or studies in Indonesia. Later, within the integration of hip-hop into academic world, the researcher hopes that hip-hop could be perceived from different perspective, meaning it is not only understood as a form of Western entertainment that is full of negative aspects, such as hedonism, reflection of hatred and violence. During the process of the research, the researcher makes use of some written texts on the Blacks and hip-hop subjects, especially those in relation to the context of Bay Area. In addition to some written texts about the Blacks and hiphop in Bay Area, the researcher also puts any texts that have considerable relation to post-colonialism and also to “Dependencia Rules†into use in order to acquire the big picture on the relationship between the Blacks and the Whites. After finished doing both textual and intertextual reading on the materials obtained from library and Internet research also from mass media, the researcher then applies several significant approaches and theories. Other than that, the researcher also applies virtual ethnography method through maintaining discussion via forums or chat rooms and also conducting interviews by e-mails with the informants. Based on the research previously mentioned, it can be acknowledged that Black hip-hoppers in Bay Area have been in efforts to preserve the cultural essence of hip-hop through the means of community radio, music, magazine, and fashion. Throughout the development of time, those varieties of hip-hop become subjected to cultural industries entrance and also to the Whites’ control. The Whites’ control does not fully position the Blacks as “slave†because there is a little access given in the forms of limited control toward hip-hop, such as control over song theme, musical composition, and design. Throughout those varieties of hip-hop commodification process, “classical†binary opposition between “master†and “slave†or “centre†with “periphery†is no longer definite. The positions of “master†and “slave†can be seen as having rotation inside a “cycle†known as cultural industry. Unfortunately, this dynamic and flexible rotation is still quite hard to totally nullify the stigmatization of “periphery†dependency toward the “centre.â€
Kata Kunci : Hip,hop,Komodifikasi,Bay area,Relasi inter,intrarasial,hip-hop,commodification,Bay Area,inter/intraracial relationship