Analisis penyebab konflik dan strategi KPUD dalam pilkada 2005 di Kabupaten Mappi Provinsi Papua

BONSUI, Barnabas, Dr. Gabriel Lele

2010 | Tesis | S2 Magister Administrasi Publik

Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) merupakan salah satu wujud penting dari penerapan demokrasi di tingkat lokal. Sejumlah partai politik terlibat dalam persaingan praktis memenangkan pasangan calon pemimpin daerah yang diusung. Dalam kenyataan, persaingan ini seringkali tidak sehat dan menimbulkan masalah konflik seputar Pilkada yang berlarut-larut sampai berbulan-bulan. Di Kabupaten Mappi, konflik semacam itu terjadi dalam Pilkada 2005 dan berlangsung 17 bulan sampai Bupati definitif ditetapkan, bukan oleh Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPUD) Mappi, melainkan oleh KPUD provinsi di Jayapura setelah persoalan itu ditangani oleh Mahkamah Agung. Masalah utama konflik itu adalah terjadinya pencoblosan massal melalui perwakilan di Kampung Atti dan Upin, yang dianggap melanggar peraturan Pilkada dan prinsip ‘satu orang satu suara’. Ini menarik, karena masalah Pilkada yang semestinya ditangani oleh KPUD Kabupaten Mappi ternyata harus melibatkan proses hukum yang lebih tinggi pada Pengadilan Tinggi Jayapura dan Mahkamah Agung. Karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi KPUD Kabupaten Mappi dalam menghadapi konflik Pilkada 2005 supaya dalam Pilkada 2010 kasus tersebut tidak terulang lagi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data primer dan sekunder dipakai untuk menganalisis proses pemilihan Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah pada Pilkada 2005 Kabupaten Mappi, faktor yang mempengaruhi konflik seputar Pilkada tersebut, dan bagaimana strategi KPUD Kabupaten Mappi dalam menghadapi konflik Pilkada 2005. Data itu dikumpulkan melalui informan kunci dengan teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi dan dokumentasi. Data yang telah terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam praktek, KPUD Kabupaten Mappi telah dapat melaksanakan Pilkada 2005 secara serentak pada 28 Juni 2005 di tengah keterbatasan personil, keuangan, dan infrastruktur jalan dan transportasi. Namun, konflik seputar Pilkada 2005 pecah setelah diketahui adanya pencoblosan massal melalui perwakilan di Kampung Atti dan Upin yang dianggap pelanggaran oleh calon bupati yang kalah, Drs. Fabianus Kamkopimu. Kasus ini menjadi awal konflik politik berlarut-larut dengan calon bupati terpilih Drs. Aminadab Jumame, yang melibatkan pemihakan kelembagaan KPUD Kabupaten Mappi kepada calon bupati yang kalah, Drs. Fabianus Kamkopimu, dan proses hukum di Pengadilan Tinggi Jayapura, bahkan di Mahkamah Agung, yang memenangkan calon bupati yang pada awalnya telah menang Drs. Aminadab Jumame. Ada empat faktor yang menyebabkan konflik itu berkembang dan berlarut-larut selama 17 bulan sejak Pilkada, yaitu etnosentrisme daerah di mana muncul asumsi bahwa pemimpin di Kabupaten Mappi harus putra daerah, pencoblosan massal melalui perwakilan, kuatnya kontrol partai politik, dan lemahnya lembaga pelaksana Pilkada. Karena calon bupati terpilih itu berasal dari luar daerah dan model pencoblosan massal itu membuat calon bupati putra daerah tak-terpilih, perpaduan empat faktor tersebut menimbulkan konflik yang amat sulit dipecahkan KPUD Kabupaten Mappi selaku lembaga penyelenggara Pilkada. Dalam menghadapi masalah konflik itu, KPUD Kabupaten Mappi menggunakan strategi: (a) memaksimalkan sosialisasi tatacara pencoblosan; (b) mengutamakan putra daerah tanpa terjebak dalam etnosentrisme daerah; (c) mendesak pemerintah menyediakan infrastruktur pendukung Pilkada; (d) mendorong partai politik menetapkan calon kepala daerah dan wakil kepala daerah sesuai aspirasi masyarakat; (e) mempersiapkan Panitia Pengawas Pemilu terdidik; dan (f) membangun mekanisme perlindungan saksi. Penerapan strategi ini diharapkan bisa mencegah terjadinya konflik yang serupa dengan konflik pada Pilkada 2005.

Local election (Pilkada) is one of the important manifestations of democracy implementation at local level. A number of political parties are ambitiously involved in practical competition for winning a pair of candidates as local leaders promoted. In fact, the competition is frequently unfair and leads conflict problems, which are prolonged until months, about the Pilkada. In Mappi Regency, such conflict occurred in the 2005 Pilkada and prolonged for 17 months until the definitive Regent was established, not by the Public Election Commission (Komisi Pemilihan Umum—KPUD) of Mappi Regency, but by the provincial KPUD in Jayapura after the problems were tried to be handled by the Supreme Court. The main underlying problems of the conflict is occurrence of mass voting by punching ballot through representation in Atti and Upin Villages, which are considered as infringing the regulation of Pilkada and a principle ‘one man, one vote’. It is so interesting, because the Pilkada-related conflict that should be handled by the KPUD of Mappi Regency might, in fact, involve higher legal processes in High Court at provincial level in Jayapura and in the Supreme Court. Therefore, purpose of the study is to find out the strategies used by the KPUD of Mappi Regency in handling the 2005 Pilkada in order that in the 2010 Pilkada the conflict does not occur again. The study used a descriptive qualitative method. Primary and secondary data were used to analyze the process of electing the Head of Regency and Vice of the Head of Regency in the 2005 Pilkada of Mappi Regency, factors influencing conflict about the Pilkada, and how strategies were used by the KPUD of Mappi Regency in in handling the 2005 Pilkada. All the data were collected from key informants using in-depth interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The data collected were then analyzed using a qualitative technique. Result of the study indicates that in practice, the KPUD of Mappi Regency could hold the 2005 Pilkada simultaneously on June 28, 2005 in the limitations of personnel, finance, and road and transportation infrastructures. However, conflict about the 2005 Pilkada broke after it was recognized that there occurred mass ‘voting by punching ballot’ through representation in Atti and Upin Villages that was considered as infringement by the lost candidate of regency, Drs. Fabianus Kamkopimu. The case was the departing point of prolonged political conflict with the elected candidate of regency, Drs. Aminadab Jumame, eventually involving the affirmative institutional attitude by the KPUD of Mappi Regency to the lost candidate of regency, Drs. Fabianus Kamkopimu, and legal process in High Court of Jayapura, even in the Supreme Court, winning the initially winning candidate of regency, Drs. Aminadab Jumame. There were four factors causing the conflict developing and it was prolonged for 17 months since the Pilkada, including local ethnocentrism where an assumption raised that leader in Mappi Regency should be people from the region, mass voting by punching ballot through representation, the strict control of political parties, and the weakness of KPUD. Due to the fact that the elected candidate of regent was from outside of the region and the mass voting by punching ballot through representation made the people of the region unelected, a combination of both factors led the conflict very difficult to be resolved by the KPUD of Mappi Regency as an institution of holding the Pilkada. To handle the conflict, the KPUD of Mappi Regency performed the strategies, namely: (a) to maximize a socialization of ‘voting by punching ballot’ procedure; (b) to take the community of the region in priority without being trapped in local ethnocentrism; (c) to insist local government to provide infrastructures supporting the Pilkada; (d) to encourage political parties selecting the candidate of the Head of Regency and the Vice of the Head of Regency according to the communities’ aspiration; (e) to prepare the highly educated members of the Election Inspection Committee; and (f) to establish a witness protection mechanism. It is expected that application of the strategies can prevent the occurrence of conflict similar to that in the 2005 Pilkada.

Kata Kunci : Pilkada, Partai Politik, Etnosentrisme Daerah, Pencoblosan Massal melalui Perwakilan, Strategi Pilkada, Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah, Pilkada, Political Party, Local Ethnocentrism, Mass Voting by Punching Ballot through Representation, Local Public Electi