Kekuatan interaksi antar pelaku pembangunan desa :: Studi kasus komparasi antara desa berpola terpusat dan berpola tersebar

ARIRASANO, Paulus, Prof. Ir. Achmad Djunaedi, MUP., Ph.D

2010 | Tesis | S2 Magister Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Modal sosial merupakan kekuatan interaksi antar manusia yang berlangsung dalam pranata sosial berupa norma, kepercayaan dan jaringan. Terkait dengan kegiatan pembangunan yang berlangsung di wilayah perdesaan yang memiliki pola permukiman berbeda (terpusat dan tersebar), maka modal sosial merujuk kepada norma, kepercayaan dan jaringan yang terwujud akibat adanya kekuatan interaksi antar pelaku pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan. Diduga, adanya keterkaitan antara kekhasan modal sosial dan perbedaan pola permukiman desa dan kedua hal ini mempengaruhi pelaksanaan kegiatan pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkaya pengetahuan mengenai karakteristik modal sosial yang berlangsung pada kegiatan pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan dengan pola permukiman yang berbeda (terpusat dan tersebar). Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan studi multi kasus. Dimana pelaksanaan pengumpulan datanya dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi, dokumentasi dan rekaman arsip (data sekunder). Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya perbedaan pola permukiman (terpusat dan tersebar) di wilayah perdesaan yang terbentuk akibat kecenderungan orientasi pergerakan penduduk terhadap pelayanan fasilitas umum dan lokasi mata pencaharian. Berdasarkan pada kegiatan pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan, ditemukan kecenderungan wujud modal sosial berupa kuatnya norma sosial yang berlangsung di desa dengan pola permukiman terpusat dan efisiennya wujud jaringan kerjasama di desa dengan pola permukiman tersebar. Walaupun menunjukan wujud berbeda pada masing-masing lokasi, namun modal sosial tersebut berperan sama dalam memudahkan koordinasi dan kerjasama antar pelaku pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan. Hal tersebut menunjukan adanya kekhasan modal sosial pada kegiatan pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan yang kondisinya sangat terkait dengan faktor sosial budaya, keberadaan hukum adat setempat, kekuatan kepemimpinan desa, pola bermukim dan kemajuan perkembangan jaringan komunikasi dan informasi. Agar kegiatan pembangunan di wilayah perdesaan menjadi efektif, maka pelaksanaan pembangunan di desa dengan pola permukiman terpusat, perlu memperhatikan norma-norma sosial yang berlaku antar pelaku pembangunan. Sedangkan pada pelaksanaan kegiatan pembangunan di desa dengan pola permukiman tersebar, perlu berorientasi pada efisiensi wujud jaringan kerjasama antar pelaku pembangunannya.

Social capital is the power of human interaction that took place based on social institutions in the form of norms, trust and networks. Associated with development activities that took place in rural areas that have different settlement patterns (centralized and disseminated), then social capital refers to the norms, trust and networks that happen because of the level of interactions between development actors in rural areas. It is assumed that the uniqueness of social capital and differences in rural settlement patterns contribute to the development level activities in rural areas. This study aims to enrich the knowledge about the characteristics of social capital which took place in rural areas with different settlement patterns (centralized and disseminated). The study was conducted using a multi-case study approach. Data collection was conducted through interviews, observation, documentation and archive records (secondary data). The research showed that differences in settlement patterns (centralized and disseminated) in the rural areas formed by the orientation of the movement of population trends of public services and livelihoods location. Based on development activities in rural areas, there is a tendency of social capital in the form of strong social norms that took place in the village with centralized settlement patterns and the efficiency of the network form of cooperation between development actors that took place in the village with scattered settlement pattern. Despite having a different form at each location, but the form of social capital has the same role in facilitate coordination and cooperation among development actors in the rural areas. This indicated the uniqueness of social capital that took place on development activities in rural areas whose condition was related to socio-cultural factors, the existence of local customary law, the power of village leadership, patterns of living and advance the development of communication and information networks. In order for development activities in rural areas to be effective, the implementation of development which took place in the village with centralized settlement pattern should consider the social norms that apply between development actors. While the implementation of development activities that took place in the village with scattered settlement pattern is more focused on the efficiency of the network form of cooperation between the actors of development.

Kata Kunci : Norma,Kepercayaan,Jaringan,Pola permukiman,Kegiatan pembangunan ; networks, norms, trust, patterns of settlement, development activities