Potensi limbah jerami padi dan limbah plastik thermoplast dengan bantuan urea formaldehida pada pembuatan papan partikel

SUTOPO, Prof. Dr. Ir. Iman Satyarno, M.E

2009 | Tesis | S2 Magister Sistem Teknik

Pemanfaatan limbah jerami padi dan limbah plastik sejauh ini belum dinilai optimal dan kalau dibiarkan saja akan menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Selanjutnya muncul inisiatif untuk memanfaatkan limbah jerami padi dan limbah plastik tersebut sebagai bahan baku dalam industri bangunan, yaitu limbah jerami padi sebagai bahan pangganti kayu dimana kelangkaan akan kayu menyebabkan kayu berkualitas sulit didapat dan harganya mahal, sedangkan limbah plastik dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengganti perekat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memanfaatkan potensi limbah jerami padi dan limbah plastik termoplast sebagai bahan alternatif papan partikel serta untuk mengetahui kualitas papan partikel berbahan baku jerami padi dengan plastik sebagai subtitusi perekatnya. Bahan baku yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu limbah jerami padi dari Sleman dengan limbah plastik termoplast jenis polypropilena yaitu bekas botol aqua sebagai subtitusi perekatnya. Papan partikel yang dibuat dalam penelitian ini meliputi 3 kerapatan yang disesuaikan dengan SNI nomor 03-2105-2006 yaitu 0,4 gr/cm3, 0,6 gr/cm3 , dan 0,9 gr/cm3 dengan komposisi perbandingan berat jerami padi dan plastik 40% : 60% , 50% : 50% , dan 60% : 40% dengan bantuan perekat urea formaldehida (UF) sebanyak 5%. Parameter yang diamati meliputi kerapatan, kadar air, penyerapan air, pengembangan tebal, keteguhan tarik tegak lurus permukaan, keteguhan lentur, dan modulus elastisitas. Hasil penelitiaan ini mengidentifikasikan bahwa kerapatan dan kandungan plastik berpengaruh terhadap kadar air, pengembangan tebal, penyerapan air, keteguhan tarik tegak lurus permukaan, keteguhan lentur, dan modulus elastisitas. Kerapatan terendah mempunyai sifat rapuh, tidak tahan terhadap air, dan mempunyai nilai keteguhan tarik, lentur, modulus elastisitas rendah. Kerapatan yang dihasilkan dari pembuatan papan partikel berbahan baku jerami padi dengan campuran plastik sudah mendekati kerapatan yang diinginkan. Penyerapan air berkisar antara 15,448 % hingga 37,065 %, kadar air berkisar antara 6,221 % hingga 9,375 % dan pengembangan tebal berkisar 8,531 % hingga 27,027 %. Sebagian besar dari hasil penggujian sifat fisik ini sudah memenuhi syarat dari SNI Nomor 03-2105-2006. Pengujian sifat mekanik meliputi pengujian keteguhan tarik tegak lurus permukaan papan partikel, pengujian keteguhan modulus elastisitas papan partikel dan pengujian keteguhan modulus lentur papan partikel. Kekuatan tarik tegak lurus permukaan papan partikel berkisar antara 0,45 kgf/cm2 hingga 4,08 kgf/cm2, nilai keteguhan modulus elastisitas berkisar antara 7268,71 kgf/cm2 hingga 24709,82 kgf/cm2, sedangkan nilai keteguhan modulus lentur berkisar 31,56 kgf/cm2 hingga 209,56 kgf/cm2. Sebagian besar dari hasil penggujian sifat mekanik ini juga sudah memenuhi syarat dari SNI Nomor 03-2105-2006. Hasil penelitian terbaik didapat pada komposisi 40 % jerami padi : 60 % plastik + 5 % urea pormaldehida, dimana hasil uji fisik dan mekaniknya semua memenuhi syarat SNI No. 03-2105-2006 yaitu dengan nilai kerapatan 0,927 gr/cm3, penyerapan air 15,448 %, kadar air 6.221 %, pengembangan tebal 8,531 %, keteguhan tarik 4.08 kgf/cm2, modulus elastisitas 24.709,82 kgf/cm2 dan keteguhan lentur 209,5 kgf/cm2.

The utilization of the Paddy’s Straw and plastic waste recently is considered not optimal yet, and if it is avoided it will lead to the circumstance problems. And then, there came the initiative to utilize the waste of paddy’s straw and plastics as the basic materials for the building industry, whereas the paddy’s straw waste as the replacement for wood, since the scarcity of the wood lead to the difficulty to find the good quality wood and to the expensive price of its price, also, the plastics waste is utilized as the replacement of the adhesive. The intention of this research is to utilize the potential of paddy’s straw and plastics waste as the alternative material of particle board, and also to find the quality of the particle board made from paddy’s straw with plastics as the substitute of its adhesive. The basic materials which are used on this research are paddy’s straw waste from Sleman with the polypropylene thermoplastics that is the used mineral water’s bottles as the adhesive. The particle boards which are produced on this research include 3 densities which are fitted with SNI number 03-2105-2006 those are 0.4 gr/cm3, 0.6 gr/cm3, and 0.9 gr/cm3, in the composition of paddy’s straw and plastics 40:60, 50:50, and 60:40 and the urea formaldehyde (UF) as its adhesive in the composition of 5%. The parameter which are observed include density, liquid level, liquid absorption, the thickness development, dependability on the perpendicular stretching of its surfaces, dependability of its elasticity, and elasticity modulus. The result of the research identifies that the density and the plastics containment influences the liquid level, thickness development, liquid absorption, dependability on the perpendicular stretching of its surfaces, dependability of its elasticity, and elasticity modulus. The lowest level of the density has the characteristics of fragile, not resistant to the liquid, and having the low value of stretching dependability, bending, and elasticity modulus. The density which is produced from the production of particle boards with the basic material of paddy’s straw and the mixture of the plastics is close to the result which is designed. The liquid absorption is about 15. 448% to 37.065%, liquid level is about 6.221% to 9.375% and the thickness development is about 8.531% to 27.027%. Most of the result of these physical tests fit the condition of SNI Number 03-2105-2006. The tests on mechanical characteristics include the test of dependability on the perpendicular stretching of its surfaces, elasticity modulus test, and the test on dependability of its elasticity of the particle boards. The strength of dependability on the perpendicular stretching of its surfaces of the particle boards is about 0.45 kgf/cm2 to 4.08 kgf/cm2, the value of dependability of the elasticity modulus is about 7268.71 kgf/cm2 to 24709.82 kgf/cm2, whereas the value of the dependability of refraction modulus is about 31.56 kgf/cm2 to 209.56 kgf/cm2. Most of the result of these mechanical characteristics tests fit the condition of SNI Number 03-2105-2006. The best result is done on the composition of 40% paddy’s straw: 60% plastics +5% UF, and their result of mechanical and physical tests fit the SNI standard no. 03-2105-2006 with the score of density 0.927 gr/cm3, liquid level 15.448%, liquid containment level 6.221%, thickness development 8.531%, dependability stretching 4.08 kgf/cm2, elasticity modulus 24,709.82 kgf/cm2, and the refraction dependability 209.5 kgf/cm2.

Kata Kunci : Jerami padi,Plastik,Papan partikel,Urea formaldehida, Paddy’s straw, plastics, particle board, urea formaldehyde