Optimasi kondisi operasi proses produksi introgliserin

WISUDHA W, Riswan, Ir. Supranto, M.Sc., Ph.D

2009 | Tesis | S2 Teknik Kimia

Ketergantungan sistem persenjataan pada negara lain sangatlah rawan bagi kedaulatan NKRI, maka diperlukan program penelitian yang menitik beratkan pada pengembangan iptek bidang teknologi hankam. Salah satu cara yaitu melakukan penelitian rekayasa bahan peledak/propelan nitrogliserin dengan bahan baku gliserin dan asam nitrat menggunakan katalis asam sulfat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari proses pembentukan nitrogliserin dari gliserin dan asam campuran, agar diperoleh kondisi operasi proses yang optimum serta reaksi berjalan aman. Langkah-langkah proses meliputi persiapan bahan, nitrifikasi, separasi, purifikasi, stabilization dan storages system. Telah dilakukan proses penelitian pembentukan nitrogliserin dengan perbandingan mol asam campuran HNO3: H2SO4 = 3 : 5,4-6,2 serta perbandingan gliserin dan asam nitrat 1 : 3-3,5 mol, proses nitrifikasi menggunakan suatu reaktor batch pada temperatur 5-25o Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh suhu operasi yang optimum pada kisaran 10 s/d 15C, tekanan 1 atm, waktu reaksi 10-60 menit, selanjutnya dilakukan proses pemisahan produk dan proses stabilisasi sehingga menghasilkan produk berupa nitrogliserin. Untuk membuktikan produk hasil nitrogliserin dilakukan uji calorimeter, uji bakar, uji pukul, uji densitas dan uji viskositas. oC, dengan menghasilkan konversi tertinggi dibandingkan dengan suhu operasi yang lain pada berbagai variasi waktu, perbandingan reaktan dan perbandingan katalis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian variasi waktu tidak begitu mempengaruhi terhadap konversi reaksi, dimana konversi yang dihasilkan tidak jauh berbeda dengan waktu yang lebih lama. Dari variasi perbandingan mol reaksi diperoleh hasil yang optimum pada perbandingan mol antara gliserin dan asam nitrat (1 : 3,5), sedangkan untuk perbandingan katalis diperoleh hasil yang optimum pada perbandingan mol antara gliserin, asam nitrat dan asam sulfat (1 : 3 : 6,2) pada suhu operasi 10 s/d 15oC.

The dependence of weapon system to other countries is greatly vulnerable for sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to perform research programs emphasizing the development of science and technology, particularly in defense and security sectors. One of the ways is to conduct an engineering research on propellant of nitroglycerin with a raw material of glycerin and nitric acid using catalyst of sulphate acid. The research is to study the process of nitroglycerin formation from glycerin and mixed acids in order that the optimum conditions of processing operations and its reactions can be obtained. Stages in the process were material preparation, nitrification, separation, purification, stabilization, and storage system. The research was conducted on the nitroglycerin formation with a molar ratio of mixed acids HNO3:H2SO4 = 3:5.4-6.2 and a molar of glycerin to nitric acid 1:3-3.5, nitrification used a batch reactor at 5-25o Result of the research indicates that the optimum temperature of operation was at a range of 10-15C, pressure of 1 atm, reaction time of 10-60 minutes, followed by product separation and stabilization process, so that product such as nitroglycerin can be produced. To test a resultant product of nitroglycerin, calorimeter test, combustion test, blow test, density test, and viscosity test were carried out. oC, resulting in the highest conversion compared to other temperatures of operation at time variation, reactant ratio and catalyst ratio. Based on the result, it can be concluded that time variation did not much influence the reaction conversion, where the resultant conversion was not too different with a longer time. From variation in a molar ratio of reaction, optimum outcome could be obtained between glycerin and nitric acid (1:3.5), while for the catalyst ratio, optimum outcome was obtained at a molar ratio of glycerin, nitric acid, and sulphate acid (1:3:6.2) at the operating temperatures of 10-15oC.

Kata Kunci : Nitrogliserin,Nitrifikasi,Gliserin,Asam campuran, Nitroglycerin, Nitrification, Glycerin, Mixed Acids