Dinamika posisi tawar pekerja rumah tangga (PRT) di Yogyakarta :: Studi komparatif terhadap PRT perempuan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal jasa penyalur PRT dan organisasi sosial di Kota Yogyakarta

YANTI, Mery, Dr. Partini

2009 | Tesis | S2 Sosiologi

Populasi pekerja rumah tangga (PRT), yang populer dengan istilah pembantu rumah tangga, terus meningkat hingga saat ini. Kecenderungan ini tidak diiringi dengan peningkatan perlindungan terhadap para pekerja rumah tangga yang bekerja dengan pengguna jasa yang beragam karakternya. Pekerja rumah tangga seringkali dikategorikan sebagai sebuah pekerjaan yang sifatnya terselubung. Walaupun demikian, PRT tetap saja dianggap sebagai sebuah lapangan kerja alternatif karena tidak menuntut persyaratan formal sehingga mudah untuk dimasuki. Ada tiga tipe mekanisme rekruitmen Pekerja Rumah Tangga (PRT) yakni: jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan jalur organisasi sosial. Bertolak dari situasi di atas, riset ini akan menelaah dinamika posisi tawar PRT perempuan di Kota Yogyakarta berdasarkan latar belakang rekruitmen mereka. Riset difokuskan pada 2 (dua) persoalan : apakah ada perbedaan relasi sosial PRT perempuan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan jalur organisasi sosial? Dan, bagaimana posisi tawar PRT perempuan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan organisasi sosial? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) Mendeskripsikan pengaruh tipe rekruitmen pekerja rumah tangga (PRT) terhadap pola relasi sosial dengan majikan mereka; (2) Menganalisa posisi tawar PRT perempuan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan jalur organisasi sosial. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat: (1) Memberikan pemahaman baru tentang relasi sosial yang terbentuk antara PRT perempuan dan majikan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan jalur organisasi sosial dan, (2) Memberikan informasi baru tentang posisi tawar PRT perempuan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan jalur organisasi sosial. Penelitian ini didisain dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Sumber data diperoleh dari informan penelitian sebanyak 12 (dua belas) orang PRT yang bekerja di Kota Yogyakarta, dengan masing-masing kategori sebanyak 4 (empat) orang. Informan penelitian ditentukan dengan menggunakan teknik snowball sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui: observasi lapangan, dokumentasi data sekunder dan wawancara mendalam. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif interpretatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan relasi sosial dan posisi tawar antara PRT perempuan dan majikan yang bekerja melalui jalur personal, jasa penyalur PRT dan jalur organisasi sosial. PRT yang direkruit dari jalur personal pola relasi sosial yang terbentuk adalah dominatif-eksploitatif dan posisi tawar yang rendah. PRT yang direkruit dari jasa penyalur PRT relasi sosialnya adalah dominatif-eksploitatif tapi posisi tawar PRT cenderung setara. Sedangkan PRT yang direkruit dari jalur organisasi sosial, relasi sosial dan posisi tawar PRT dan majikan adalah setara

The population of domestic workers, or popular terminology is servant or maid are still growing up to now. But, it does not parallel with domestic worker protection who working to heterogenic character of service user. Domestic workers (Pekerja Rumah Tangga) usually are categorizing as a hidden job. Even though, it is still perceived as an alternative job since it does not need formal requirement so that every one easy to access it. There are three types of recruitment mechanism for domestic workers, that is: personal way, domestic worker agent, and social organization way. Based on the above situation, this research will study bargaining position dynamic of woman domestic worker in Yogyakarta city based on their background recruitment. It will focus on two problems: what is difference of social relationship between woman domestic workers that recruited from personal way, domestic worker agent, and social organization way? How does the bargaining position of woman domestic worker that recruited from personal way, domestic worker agent and social organization way. The purpose of this research is: (1) to describe the influence of recruitment types towards the patterns of social relationship between domestic worker and their master; (2) to analyze bargaining position of woman domestic worker that recruited from personal way, domestic worker agent, and social organization way. This research will: (1) give new understanding about social relationship that arises from three type of domestic worker recruitment; (2) give new information about bargaining position of domestic worker that recruited from personal way, domestic worker agent, and social organization way. This research applies qualitative approach. Data source is got from informant as much as twelve domestic workers who working in Yogyakarta city. Each category consists of four persons. Informant of the research is determined by snowball sampling. Data is collecting by observation, secondary data documentation, and depth interview. Data that collected then analyzed according to descriptiveinterpretative. The research show that there are differentiation on social relationship and bargaining position between domestic worker who recruited from personal way, domestic worker agent, and social organization way. Domestic worker that recruited from personal way has dominated-exploited of social relationship and low bargaining position. Domestic worker that recruited from domestic worker agent has dominated-exploited but bargaining position of domestic worker is equal. While, domestic worker that recruited from social organization has equal social relationship and bargaining position between domestic worker and their master.

Kata Kunci : Pekerja rumah tangga,Relasi sosial,Posisi tawar, domestic worker, social relationship, and bargaining position