Bahasa dalam ranah jual beli di Pasar Tanjung Pinang, Kepulauan Riau :: Suatu kajian etnografi komunikasi

MAIMUN, Muhammad, Prof. Dr. I Dewa Putu Wijana, SU., MA

2009 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Pasar merupakan suatu tempat berkumpul antara penjual dan pembeli yang berasal dari latar belakang (budaya dan bahasa) yang berbeda. Tindak tutur, yang digunakan oleh penjual dan pembeli dalam komunikasi, mengandung prinsip ekonomi yang berbeda karena masing-masing mempunyai kekuasaan untuk saling mempengaruhi. Pola bahasa yang digunakan pada setiap transaksi jual beli merupakan sesuatu yang penting dalam proses transaksi. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Pasar-pasar Kota Tanjung Pinang (TPi), Provinsi Kepulauan Riau merupakan penelitian deskriptif dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode, pengamatan terlibat (participant observation) dan wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview), dan teknik seperti, catatat, dan libat aktif-pasif. Dalam penelitian, data-data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis dengan etnografi komunikasi. Hasil penelitian ini adalah pertama berdasarkan data-data peristiwa komunikasi, setiap jenis pasar merupakan konteks tuturan yang berbeda. Kedua, kode bahasa yang digunakan lingua franca dalam transaksi jual beli di pasar Tanjung Pinang adalah bahasa Indonesia (BI) dan bahasa Melayu Riau Penyengat (BMRP). BI atau BMRP dituturkan dalam bentuk bahasa lisan ragam informal. BI yang digunakan dipengaruhi oleh bahasa Melayu. Ketiga, analisis wacana meliputi analisis gramatikal dan analisis leksilal. Analisis gramatikal yang ditemukan yaitu, pengacuan, penyulihan, pelesapan, perangkaian, penyungsangan. Analisis leksikal meliputi repetisi dan kolokasi. Keempat, dalam penggunaan lingua franca, ciri khas bahasa ibu masih terlihat. Ini menunjukkan identitas kebahasaan suku tertentu. Identitas tersebut meliputi identitas fonologis, identitas morfologis, dan identitas leksikal. Di samping itu, dalam kontak bahasa, beberapa kosa kata bahasa asing dan bahasa daerah diserap dan dipinjam dalam lingua franca di TPi. Kelima, dalam proses transaksi jual beli, prinsip kerjasama dan prinsrip kesantunan dipegang oleh peserta tutur supaya transaksi jual beli berjalan lancar. Hal ini dikarenakan tindak tutur dalam proses transaksi jual beli merupakan berdimensi sosial ekonomi. Tindak tutur berdasakan tujuan yang ditemukan yaitu menyapa, menawarkan, bertaya, meminta, menawar, menolak, bercanda, memuji, mengungkapkan perasaan jengkel, berterima kasih, dan menyatakan harapan.

Market is a place where sellers and buyers from different backgrounds of culture and language gather in. Speech act, used by the sellers and the buyers in their communication, contains differing principles of economy; because each of the two has power to influence one to another. Thus, language patterns applied in every buy-and-sell deal are of great importance in the process of transaction. This research, conducted in the markets in Tanjung Pinang (TPi) town, Kepulauan Riau Province, is descriptive and qualitative in, and was employing several methods, participant observation and in-depth interview, and techniques such as take a note, active-passive involvement. In this research, the collected data analyzed with the ethnography of communication. The research findings are firstly, according to communication affairs, each market has its own different context of language utterance. Secondly, language code used as lingua franca in buy-and-sell deals in the markets in TPi has been Indonesia Language (BI) and Penyengat-Riau Malay Language (BMRP). BI and BMRP are uttered in the form of oral expression and informal register. BI used in the region has been much influenced by BMRP. Thirdly, discourse analyses consist of grammatical analyses and lexical analyses. The analysis of grammatical founded is references, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and inversion. The analysis of lexical contains repetition and collocation. Fourthly, in the use of lingua franca, the characteristics of mother language are still obviously seen. It refers to language identity of certain ethnic. Those identities are phonological identity, morphological, and lexical identity. Beside, in the language contact, there are vocabularies of foreign languages and local dialects being borrowed and loaned into lingua franca in TPi. Fifthly, in the process of buy-and-sell deals, the principle of cooperation and values of politeness should be held by communicators in other that transaction of buy-and-sell can be well done. This is because speech act as it in part can be seen in buy-and-sell deal is an occasion that has socialeconomic dimension. Sellers want their merchandises to be sold out and buyers want to get goods as that what want. Speech act, based on its goals explained above, has various form of expression like to greet, to offer, to ask, to request, to bid, to reject, to joke, to compliment, to thank, and to hope.

Kata Kunci : Pasar,Lingua franca,Etnografi komunikasi, market, lingua franca, and ethnography of communication