Sifat fisiko-kimia dan profil minyak atsiri tangkai bunga cengkeh hasil destilasi bertingkat

RADJAB, Prof. Dr. Ir. Sri Anggrahini, MS

2009 | Tesis | S2 Teknologi Hasil Perkebunan

Produksi cengkeh di Provinsi Maluku cukup melimpah, namun selama ini baru dimanfaatkan bunganya, padahal tangkai bunga cengkeh tak kalah pentingnya, karena mengandung minyak atsiri. Teknik destilasi minyak cengkeh yang selama ini dilakukan masih secara sederhana ataupun destilasi satu tingkat, sedangkan untuk menghasilkan mutu minyak cengkeh yang tinggi dapat dilakukan dengan metode destilasi bertingkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh lama waktu destilasi dan metode destilasi terhadap rendemen, kadar eugenol, sifat fisiko-kimia dan profil minyak tangkai bunga cengkeh. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode destilasi bertingkat (rectification), metode destilasi uap dan air (steam and water distillation) dan Metode destilasi air (water distillation). Perlakuan terdiri atas dua faktor yaitu (1) lama waktu destilasi (4 jam, 5 jam dan 6 jam) dan (2) metode destilasi. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap rendemen, prosentase kadar eugenol, sifat fisiko-kimia dan profil minyak tangkai bunga cengkeh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rendemen tertinggi diperoleh dari destilasi 6 jam (3.35%) dan metode destilasi air (3,04%). Sedangkan kadar eugenol tertinggi (94,36%) diperoleh dengan metode destilasi bertingkat. Profil minyak atsiri tangkai bunga cengkeh hasil analisa dengan menggunakan GC/GC-MS diperoleh senyawa eugenol, iso-caryophyllen, α-humulene, α- cububene, L-linalool dan β- pinene. Sedangkan sifat fisiko-kimia minyak tangkai bunga cengkeh hasil penelitian sesuai standar essensial oil association (EOA) tahun 2006.

Maluku have a lot of cloves production, but only clove flower that used yet, where as clove stem also important because has more economic aspect when it produced become essential oil. As long as periode simple distillation technique or one stage distillation of clove oil still used, better method of distillation not yet investigated while standard quality of clove oil component definite from oil quality and the purity. The effect of distillation time and distillation method was investigated for predicting the yield and quality of clove stem oils. Water distillation, steam and water distillation and rectification method was used in this research. Two factors of treatment were variety of time distillation (4,5 and 6 hours) and distillation method. Observation toward yield from clove stem oils and parameter of oil quality was percentage of eugenol content, density, reflection index, optical wheel, solved in 70% alcohol. The result showed that the highest yield came from 6 hours distillation (3.35%). While the highest yield came from water distillation method (3.04%). The best distillation method was rectification with 94.36% eugenol content. Profile and eugenol content of clove stem oils from this research appropriate with standard quality from EOA of USA 2006.

Kata Kunci : Destilasi bertingkat,Minyak tangkai bunga cengkeh,Minyak atsiri, rectification, clove stem volatile oils