Pengaruh pupuk kandang dan cekaman kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil varietas jagung

ERAWATI, Baiq Tri Ratna, Prof. Dr. Ir. Tohari; M.Sc

2009 | Tesis | S2 Agronomi

Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pupuk kandang dan tingkat kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil varietas jagung (Zea mays L.). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dan dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Banguntapan, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Kabupaten Bantul, propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta mulai bulan Agustus sampai Desember 2008. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Nested (Tersarang). Tingkat cekaman terdiri 3 taraf yaitu tanpa cekaman (pengairan dilakukan setiap satu minggu sekali), cekaman menjelang pembungaan (pengairan dihentikan 1 minggu sebelum berbunga, dan cekaman berlangsung selama 3 minggu, setelah itu diairi lagi seperti semula), dan cekaman pada saat berbunga sampai pengisian biji (pengairan dihentikan pada saat berbunga sampai pengisian biji, dan tidak ditambahkan air lagi). Takaran pupuk kandang terdiri atas 2 taraf yaitu tanpa pupuk kandang (0 ton/ha) dan takaran 10 ton/ha dan varietas jagung terdiri dari 2 jenis varietas yaitu Srikandi dan Lamuru, setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Varietas tersarang pada pupuk kandang, pupuk kandang dan varietas tersarang pada cekaman. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam α = 5%, apabila terdapat beda nyata antar perlakuan maka dilanjutkan dengan Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) α = 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian pupuk kandang 10 ton/ha meningkatkan bahan organik tanah setelah percobaan. Pupuk kandang 10 ton/ha dapat meningkatkan lengas tanah dan menurunkan suhu tanah serta suhu tanaman. Perlakuan cekaman pada waktu fase generatif menghambat pertumbuhan dan menurunkan hasil jagung dibandingkan dengan yang cukup air. Cekaman air pada fase awal pembungaan dan fase berbunga sampai pembentukan biji menyebabkan bukaan stomata lebih sempit berturut-turut sebesar 1,912 (μm) dan 1,048 (μm) dan meningkatkan kandungan prolin berturut-turut sebesar 5,145 (μg.g-1) dan 5,797 (μg.g-1) sehingga menurunkan hasil masing-masing sebesar 20,52% dan 30,03%. Varietas Srikandi dan Lamuru memiliki hasil biji yang setara dengan karakter adaptasi yang berbeda. Varietas Srikandi lebih toleran terhadap cekaman pada saat berbunga dan saat berbunga sampai pembentukan biji.

This research was conducted to reveal the effects of manure and dryness levels on the growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) varieties. This research constituted a field study and had been carried out at the Gadjah Mada University Experimental Plantation of Banguntapan, Bantul District of Yogyakarta Special province from August to December 2008. The nested design was used as the experimental design. Stress consisted of 3 levels, namely without stress (irrigation carried out once a week), pre-flowering stress (irrigation halted 1 week prior to flowering, and the stress prevailed for the next 3 weeks, and then irrigation carried out as before), and flowering to seeding stress (irrigation halted from flowering to seeding period, and no more irrigation added). The doses of manure consisted of two levels, namely without manure (0 ton/ha) and 10 tons/ha, whereas the corn consisted of two varieties, namely Srikandi and Lamuru, each treatment with 3 replications. Varieties were nested to manure, while manure and varieties were nested to stress. Data collected were then analyzed by means of Analysis of Variance (Anova) using level of significance α = 5%, and followed by a Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) of α = 5% whenever the significant differences among treatments were found. Findings of the research showed that manure dose of 10 tons/ha improved the organic matter of soil after the experiment. Manure dose of 10 tons/ha also increased the soil moisture and decreased soil and plant temperatures. Stress treatment during generative phases inhibited the growth and reduced the corn yield in comparison to those with sufficient supply of water. Dryness stress during pre-flowering phase and flowering to seeding phase caused stomata openings narrower up to 1.912 (μm) and 1.048 (μm) respectively and increased the proline content up to 5.145(μg.g-1) and 5.797 (μg.g-1) respectively in such a way that decreased the yield up to 20.52% and 30.03% respectively. Srikandi and Lamuru varieties had the equivalent seed yields with the distinctive characters of adaptation. Srikandi variety was more tolerant to stress during the flowering phase and the flowering to seeding phase.

Kata Kunci : Cekaman kekeringan,Pupuk kandang,Varietas,Jagung, Dryness stress, manure, variety, corn