Bahasa Bugis di Kabupaten Sinjai :: Kajian sosiodialektologi

HERAWATI, Dr. Inyo Yos Fernandez

2009 | Tesis | S2 Linguistik

Penelitian mengenai bahasa Bugis di Kabupaten Sinjai (BBKS) menggunakan kajian sosiodialektologi. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan ciri linguistik BBKS pada penuturnya yang merupakan penduduk asli atau yang sekurang-kurangnya telah tinggal sepuluh tahun di Kabupaten Sinjai. Deskripsi ciri linguistik diklasifikasikan menurut tataran fonologis, morfologis, sintaksis, dan leksikal, yang ditinjau dari variabel pekerjaan, pendidikan, dan usia penutur. Titik pengamatan (TP) dalam penelitian ini ditetapkan menurut letak wilayah dengan melihat perbedaan kota dan desa yang dikaitkan dengan pengaruh pusat budaya Bugis. Data penelitian diambil di tiga TP, yaitu Desa Bongki, Kecamatan Sinjai Utara (TP 1), Desa Liangliang, Kecamatan Pulau Sembilan (TP 2), dan Desa Barambang, Kecamatan Sinjai Borong (TP 3). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pupuan lapangan yang dipadukan dengan metode simak, yaitu dengan teknik catat dan teknik rekam. Analisis data menggunakan metode padan. Hasil analisis data disajikan secara deskriptif dengan metode formal dan metode informal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada enam fonem vokal dan 21 fonem konsonan. Variasi fonologis yang ditemukan, yaitu variasi bunyi vokal [e] ~ [i], [a] ~ [i], [o] ~ [u], [a] ~ [|], dan [o] ~ [|], serta variasi bunyi konsonan [k] ~ [g], [w] ~ [h]. Pembentukan kata terjadi melalui proses morfologis, yaitu afiksasi, reduplikasi, dan pemajemukan. Variasi morfologis yang ditemukan adalah variasi pemakaian prefiks {ma-}dan prefiks {mappa-}, serta variasi beberapa tipe kata, seperti tipe mappeddeng ~ makkafeddeng, tipe makkabalek ~ makkamalek, dan tipe mappile ~ mangngile. Berdasarkan tataran sintaksis, kalimat dikelompokkan berdasarkan fungsi yang berhubungan dengan situasi, yaitu kalimat deklaratif, interogatif, dan imperatif. Variasi leksikal ditemukan pada gejala kebahasaan yang meliputi; gejala onomasiologis, gejala aferesis, gejala sinkope, gejala epentesis, gejala protesis, dan gejala metatesis. Pada tataran leksikal, ditemukan ± 173 leksikon yang berbeda dengan bahasa Bugis standar (BBS). Beberapa leksikon hanya dijumpai pada satu TP (tidak ditemukan pada TP lain). Variasi dalam BBKS muncul karena perbedaan variabel sosial dan variabel geografis penuturnya. Penutur dengan latar belakang bukan pegawai, berpendidikan rendah, dan berusia tua lebih cenderung menggunakan bentuk yang sama dengan BBS. Penutur di Bongki dan Liangliang lebih cenderung memperlihatkan pengaruh BBS yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan di Barambang. Beberapa leksikon BBKS yang sama dengan leksikon BBS lebih banyak digunakan di Bongki dan Liangliang, sedangkan pengaruh BMDK tampak pada beberapa leksikon yang hanya dituturkan di Barambang.

The research on Buginese language in Sinjai Regency (BBKS) is a study of socio-dialectology. It aims to describe the linguistic features of BBKS used by the speakers of Buginese who are native of, or at least have been living for ten years at Sinjai Regency. The description of the linguistic features covers phonological, morphological, syntactical, and lexical variation viewed from the variables of occupation, education, and age of the speakers. The points of observation (TP) of this research were decided based on geographical location by considering the differences of area or location primarily on how the regency of Bone as the center of Buginese culture influence the use of language in nearby cities and villages. The data were obtained from three points of observation, namely, Bongki village in North Sinjai sub-district (TP 1), Liangliang village in Pulau Sembilan sub-district (TP 2), and Barambang village in Sinjai Borong sub-district (TP 3). The data were taken by using field research method, by interviewing and recording. The method used to analyze the data is matching method. Whereas the result of data analysis is presented descriptively by using formal and informal methods. The result of the study indicates that there are six vowel phonemes and 21 consonant phonemes. Two kinds of phonological variations are found: vowel variations, namely, [e] ~ [i], [a] ~ [i], [o] ~ [u], [a] ~ [|], and [o] ~ [|], and consonant variations, namely, [k] ~ [g], and [w] ~ [h]. Words are formed through morphological processes which include affixation, reduplication, and composition. Morphological variations found are the use of the prefixes {ma-} and {mappa-}, and also the use of certain types of variations, such as: type of mappeddeng ~ makkafeddeng, type of makkabalek ~ makkamalek, and type of mappile ~ mangngile. In syntactical level, sentences are grouped into three classifications, viz, declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences. The lexical variation indicates the following linguistic phenomena: onomatiology, aphaeresis, syncope, epenthesis, prothesis, and metathesis. In this level, there are about 173 lexicons which are different from the standard Buginese language (BBS). Some of them are found only in one point of observation . Variations in BBKS appear due to the speaker’s social and geographical variables. Speakers who are identified as the ordinary workers, the low literate, and the aged have much tendency to use language forms that are similar to the standard Buginese. The data shows that the influence of BBS tends to be more apparent to the speakers in Bongki and Liangliang. Some lexicons which are similar to BBS are often used by speakers in Bongki and Liangliang, whereas the influence of Makassarese language to BBKS are obvious in some lexicons in spoken Buginese in Barambang.

Kata Kunci : Variabel sosial,Variabel geografi,Variasi bahasa, Social variables, geographical variables, language variation