Deteksi transmisi transovarial virus dengue pada nyamuk aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) jantan dan betina serta hubungannya dengan incidence rate demam berdarah dengue di Kota Pontianak

SUCIPTO, Cecep Dani, Dr. drh. Sitti Rahmah Umniyati, SU

2009 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kedokteran Tropis

Latar Belakang: Eksistensi virus dengue di alam dipengaruhi oleh perubahan komponen lingkungan, salah satu cara mempertahankan keberadaannya yaitu melalui transmisi virus dengue melalui telur (transovarial) sehingga meningkatkan kecenderungan terjadi kasus DBD pada lokasi yang sama secara berulang. Kota Pontianak merupakan kota endemis DBD di Indonesia yang memiliki tingkat reseptivitas yang tinggi penularan DBD. Tujuan: Mengetahui adanya transmisi transovarial virus Dengue pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti jantan dan betina serta hubungannya dengan kejadian DBD di Kota Pontianak. Metode: Rancangan penelitian menggunakan studi potong lintang (crosssectional), populasi penelitian adalah nyamuk Ae.aegypti di lokasi kasus DBD selanjutnya telur nyamuk dikoleksi untuk dikolonisasi sampai menjadi nyamuk dewasa kemudian pemeriksaan virus Dengue dengan metode Imunositokimia SBPC pada sediaan pencet kepala (head squash) nyamuk. Sampel diambil berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling yaitu teknik penentuan sampel bardasarkan kriteria sampel meliputi nyamuk Ae.aegypti hasil koleksi telur berasal dari lokasi kasus DBD, usia penderita DBD anak balita, koleksi telur Ae.aegypti pada bulan puncak kasus, selanjutnya nyamuk jantan dan betina dilakukan uji perbedaan ITT sebanyak masing-masing 15 ekor. Hasil: Indeks transmisi transovarial (ITT) tertinggi di lokasi kasus RD 76,6% dan terendah di lokasi kasus AR 30,0% dengan rata-rata 54,5%. Hasil pemeriksaan virDen pada pada 510 ekor nyamuk Ae.aegypti 108 ekor nyamuk jantan dan 170 nyamuk betina yang positif terinfeksi virDen. Hasil uji χ2 menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara ITT virus dengue pada nyamuk Ae.aegypti jantan dan betina dengan p value = 0,000 (p<0,05). Sedangkan Hasil uji Partial Correlation menunjukan korelasi yang bemakna antara ITT virus Dengue dengan incidence rate/IR DBD di 10 Kelurahan lokasi kasus DBD Kota Pontianak (p= 0,040), dengan nilai keeratan hubungannya menunjukan korelasi kuat (r= 0,654). Simpulan: Berhasil membuktikan adanya transmisi transovarial virDen pada nyamuk Ae.aegypti di Kota Pontianak, menemukan perbedaan yang bermakna antara tingkat ITT pada nyamuk Ae.aegypti jantan dan betina dan menemukan hubungan bermakna antara nilai ITT dengan angka incidence rate DBD di Kota Pontianak.

Background: The existence of dengue virus is influenced by vector of environmental changes. One of ways to preserve its existence is dengue virus transmission through ovum (transovarian) so that it repeatedly increases the tendency of dengue cases in the same location. This case appears in phenomenon of dengue in outbreak since 2005 during three until four years, and in many cities in outbreak it happens in term one until two years. Pontianak city is one of the endemic cities in Indonesia with the high receptivity rate in spreading dengue. Aim: to assess transovarial transmission dengue virus on male and female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and its relation to incident rate dengue endemic in Pontianak municipaliti. Method: The research method is using cross sectional study. The research population is Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in dengue case areas. The eggs of mosquitoes are collected and colonized until they grow adult. Dengue virus is examinated with SBPC immunocytochemistry method on preparatory head squash of the mosquitoes. The sample is taken according to purposive technique that is sample decision making technique with sample criteria of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes collected from dengue case areas. The age of dengue patients is under five years old and the collection of the mosquito’s eggs is held on the peak of the epidemic season. Then male and female mosquitoes are examined by ITT differentiation test with fifteen mosquitoes each. Result: The result indicates the highest ITT value is in RD case area (76.6%) and the lowest ITT value is in AR case area (30.0%). The average ITT value is 54.5%. The virDen test on 510 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes gives result that 108 males and 170 females mosquitoes are virDen positive. The result of χ2 test shows that there is statistical significant difference of dengue virus ITT between male and females Ae. aegypti mosquitoes with p value = 0.000 (p<0.05). The partial correlation test results significant correlation between dengue virus ITT and dengue incident rate (IR) in ten sub counties of dengue case areas in Pontianak city (p = 0.018) and its relation value shows strong correlation between them (r = 0.728). Conclusion: This research successfully proves that there is virDen transovarian transmission on Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Pontianak city. There is significant difference of ITT rate on male and female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Pontianak city. There is also significant correlation between ITT value and dengue incident rate in Pontianak city.

Kata Kunci : Transovarial transmission,Dengue virus,Ae aegypti,Pontianak