Penerapan empat pilar K3 untuk pengendalian dampak paparan benzene kronis pada eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit pekerja perusahaan minyak dan gas di Kalimantan Timur

WIBOWO, Budi, Prof. dr. Budi Mulyono, Sp.PK

2009 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja

LATAR BELAKANG PENELITIAN. Benzene adalah salah satu bahan kimia berbahaya. Efek utama terpapar benzene kronis adalah kelainan sistem pembentukan selsel darah dengan manifestasi awal berupa penurunan jumlah sel-sel darah. Para pekerja di bagian proses produksi terpapar benzene kronis. Hasil pengukuran paparan benzene personal berada di atas NAB (hasil pengukuran:1,3 ppm, NAB: 0,5 ppm). Hasil pengukuran biomarker paparan benzene meskipun terlihat berada di bawah BEI tetapi belum informatif karena adanya perbedaan dalam penggunaan lama kerja untuk menghitung konsentrasi biomarker paparan. BEI dihitung berdasarkan lama kerja 8 jam per hari, sedangkan rerata lama kerja di perusahaan tempat penelitian adalah 10 jam per hari. TUJUAN PENELITIAN. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah, dengan penerapan empat pilar K3 yang sudah ada di suatu perusahaan minyak & gas bumi di Kalimantan Timur, jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit pekerja terpapar benzene kronis di daerah proses produksi lebih rendah dibanding jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit pekerja tidak terpapar benzene di perusahan tersebut. RANCANGAN PENELITIAN. Penelitian non-eksperimental dengan pendekatan crosssectional yang membandingkan jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit pekerja terpapar benzene tiap hari, pekerja terpapar benzene tidak tiap hari dan pekerja tidak terpapar benzene. Jumlah sampel masing-masing kelompok sebanyak 72 pekerja. Sebagai variabel bebas adalah paparan benzene kronis di proses produksi. Sebagai variabel terikat adalah jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit. Sebagai variabel luar adalah jumlah rokok, masa kerja, status gizi, jenis kelamin, riwayat paparan radiasi pengion, riwayat penyakit dan konsumsi obat-obatan tertentu, riwayat paparan timah, riwayat paparan arsen, riwayat paparan pestisida organoklorin, dan jenis alat laboratorium. Variabel luar dikendalikan dengan analisis statistik atau rancangan penelitian. Analisis statistik Anakova atau Anava untuk menguji perbedaan rerata jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit antar ketiga kelompok. HASIL PENELITIAN. Jumlah eritrosit: 5,5+0,4 juta/mm3 untuk pekerja terpapar benzene tiap hari, 5,4+0,4 juta/mm3 untuk pekerja terpapar benzene tidak tiap hari dan 5,4+0,5 juta/mm3 untuk pekerja tidak terpapar benzene (p: 0,510). Jumlah leukosit: 8,2+1,6 ribu/mm3 untuk pekerja terpapar benzene tiap hari, 8,4+2,3 ribu/mm3 untuk pekerja terpapar benzene tidak tiap hari dan 8,4+1,8 ribu/mm3 untuk pekerja tidak terpapar benzene (p: 0,983). Jumlah trombosit: 272,1+60,6 ribu/mm3 untuk pekerja terpapar benzene tiap hari, 267,3,4+65,1 ribu/mm3 untuk pekerja terpapar benzene tidak tiap hari dan 256,9+51,5 ribu/mm3 untuk pekerja tidak terpapar benzene (p:0,244). Empat pilar K3 di perusahaan tempat penelitian telah dilakukan secara baik. KESIMPULAN. Dengan penerapan empat pilar K3 yang sudah baik di suatu perusahaan minyak & gas bumi di Kalimantan Timur, maka jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit pekerja terpapar benzene kronis di daerah proses produksi tidak lebih rendah dibanding jumlah eritrosit, leukosit dan trombosit pekerja tidak terpapar benzene di perusahaan tersebut.

BACKGROUND. Benzene is one of among hazardous substances. The main effect of chronically exposed to benzene is haemopoeitic system disorder. The early manifestation of the disorder is reduced blood cell count. Personnel working for production process in an oil & gas company in East Kalimantan are being exposed to benzene chronically. The result of the personal benzene exposure measurement at that company was above the TLV (the result: 1.3 ppm, the TLV: 0.5 ppm). The result of the benzene exposure biomarker measurement showed below BEI (result: 11.6 ug/gr creatinine, BEI 25 ug/gr creatinine), but it was not informative yet due to the difference in using working time for its calculation. BEI is calculated based on the working-time of eight hours per day, whereas, the average of the working duration in the company are ten hours per day. OBJECTIVE. The aim of the study was to know whether, by the existing implementation of the four pillars of the occupational health and safety in an oil & gas company in East Kalimantan, the erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts of the workers exposed chronically to benzene were lower than those of the unexposed ones in that company. METHOD. Cross-sectional non-experimental study comparing erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts among three groups of workers (exposed to benzene daily, exposed to benzene not daily and unexposed to benzene). The number of sample in each group was 72 employees. The independent variable was chronically exposure to benzene at production process areas. The dependent variables were erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts. The confounding variables were cigarette number, employment duration, nutritional status, sex, ionizing radiation exposure history, certain diseases, medicine consumption history, lead exposure history, arsenic exposure history, organochlorine exposure history and laboratory equipment used. Confounding variables were controlled by study design or statistic analysis. Anacova or Anova was used to test the mean differences of the erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts among three groups. RESULT. The erythrocyte counts: 5,5+0,4 million/mm3 for the workers daily exposed to benzene, 5,4+0,4 million/mm3 for the workers not daily exposed to benzene and 5,4+0,5 million/mm3 for the workers not exposed to benzene (p:0,510). The leukocyte counts: 8,2+1,6 thousand/mm3 for the workers daily exposed to benzene, 8,4+2,3 thousand/mm3 for the workers not daily exposed to benzene and 8,4+1,8 thousand/mm3 for the workers not exposed to benzene (p: 0,983). The thrombosis counts: 272,1+60,6 thousand/mm3 for the workers daily exposed to benzene, 267,3,4+65,1 thousand/mm3 for the workers not daily exposed to benzene and 256,9+51,5 thousand/mm3 for the workers not exposed to benzene (p:0,244). The four pillars of the Occupational Health & Safety have been implemented well in the oil & gas company where the study conducted. CONCLUSION. Due to the good implementation of the four pillars of the Occupational Health and Safety, the erythrocyte, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts of the workers exposed chronically to benzene at production process areas were not lower than those of the unexposed workers in an oil & gas company in East Kalimantan.

Kata Kunci : Benzene,Papapran,Sel darah,Empat pilar K3, Benzene, exposure, blood cell, four pillars