Hubungan kuantitas dan kualitas air dengan kejadian diare dan minat pelanggan air di Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Bantul Yogyakarta

SUKOSO, Prof. Dr. Sudarmadji, M.Eng.Sc

2009 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja

Latar belakang, air mutlak dibutuhkan oleh manusia sepanjang masa, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung. Air merupakan sumber dan media perkembangbiakan berbagai penyakit seperti diare, kholera, disentri, hepatitis A, thypus, cacingan. Kebutuhan air bersih masyarakat perkotaan berkisar 150 lt/org/hr, pedesaan 80 lt/org/hr . Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Bantul Yogyakarta, tersebar di 17 Instalasi Kota Kecamatan (IKK), air baku berasal dari 11 unit sumur dalam, 10 unit mata air, dan sungai 2 unit dengan kuantitas, kualitas, yang bervariasi. Kapasitas produksi 295 liter/detik, pelanggan aktif sebanyak 11.514, atau 9% dari total penduduk Kabupaten Bantul. Tujuan penelitian adalah Mengetahui dan menganalisis pengelolaan kuantitas, dan kualitas air PDAM Bantul ditinjau dari parameter kesehatan lingkungan. Mengetahui dan menganalisis hubungan kuantitas, dan kualitas air PDAM Bantul terhadap kejadian diare serta terhadap minat pelanggan air PDAM Bantul. Metode Penelitian adalah survei analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional, analisa inferensial. Lokasi penelitian meliputi Kecamatan Dlingo, Sewon, Sedayu diambil berdasarkan cluster quota random sampling. Pengamatan kuantitas pada 225 pelanggan, pengamatan kualitas dengan pemeriksaan sampel air di laboratorium 45 titik sampel. Sampel diambil pada sumber air, autlet, rumah penduduk area hulu, tengah dan hilir, diperiksa 10 parameter (Bau, Warna, Rasa, Kekeruhan, pH, Fe, Mn, Cl2, Kesadahan dan Coliform). Dilakukan pengamatan pada 450 Responden. Hasil penelitian: 1) Pengelolaan kuantitas dan kualitas air PDAM Bantul baik (memenuhi standar), Kuantitas/pemakaian rata-rata penduduk Bantul 126,6 lt/org/hr, Kualitas air PDAM Bantul secara Fisika, Kimia sangat baik (memenuhi syarat kesehatan) secara bakteriologis 63% memenuhi syarat. 2) Terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara kuantitas dan kualitas air terhadap minat berlangganan air PDAM Bantul, baik pada total kelompok, pelanggan maupun non pelanggan. Pada total kelompok, kuantitas air memberikan sumbangan efektif (31,478%) lebih besar daripada kualitas air (10,166%). Pada kelompok pelanggan, kualitas air memberikan sumbangan efektif (25,453%) lebih besar daripada kuantitas air (12,453%). Pada kelompok non pelanggan kuantitas air memberikan sumbangan efektif (25,347%) lebih besar daripada kualitas air (4,805%). 3) Terdapat hubungan negatif yang signifikan kuantitas dan kualitas air dengan kejadian diare pada pelanggan air PDAM Bantul. Kuantitas air memberikan sumbangan efektif sebesar 8,233%; sedangkan kualitas air memberikan sumbangan efektif sebesar 4,694%.

Background: Water is a vital need of human beings throughout their life either directly or indirectly. Water can also be the source and media of reproduction of numerous diseases such as diarrhea, cholera, dysentry, hepatitis A, thypus, and intestinal worm. The need of clean water of urban society is 150/lt/person/day and rural society is 80 lt/person/day. PDAM Bantul operates at District of Bantul area, located at 17 installations of subdistrict town with the source of water coming from 11 units of deep wells, 10 units of springwater, and 2 rivers at different quantity and quality. Production capacity is 295 liters/second with as many as 11,514 active customers or 9% of total population of Bantul Regency. Objective: To identify and analyze the management of water quantity and quality of PDAM Bantul viewed from environmental health parameters; association between quantity and quality of water of PDAM Bantul and the incidence of diarrhea as well as and interest of the community in becoming customers of PDAM Bantul. Method: The study was an analytical survey that used cross sectional design and inferential analysis. Location of the study were subdistrict of Dlingo, Sewon and Sedayu taken with cluster quota random sampling technique. Observation of the quantity of water was done to 225 customers; observation on the quality was done through sample water examination at the laboratory from 45 points of sample; source of water, outlet, the community's residence at upper course, middle, and lower course area were observed in 10 parameters (odor, color, taste, muddiness, pH, Fe, Mn, Cl2, hardness of water and coliform). Observation was also done to 450 respondents. Result and Conclusion: 1) Management of water quantity and quality of PDAM Bantul Yogyakarta was good (fulfilled the standard); average use of water by the people was 126.6lt/person/day; the quality of water of PDAM Bantul both physically and chemically was very good (fulfilled the health requirements) and bacteriologically also fulfilled the health requirements (63%). 2)There was positive significant association between the quantity and quality of water of PDAM Bantul and interest in becoming customers in the total group, either customers or non customers. In the total group quantity of water contributed greater (31.478%) than the quality (10.166%). In the group of customers quality of water contributed greater (25.45%) than the quantity (12.453%). In the group of non customers quantity of water contributed greater (25.347%) than the quality. 3) There was negative significant association between quatity and quality of water and the incidence of diarrhea among customers of PDAM Bantul. Quantity of water gave effective contribution 8.233%; whereas quality of water gave effective contribution 4.694%.

Kata Kunci : Kuantitas air,Kualitas air,Kejadian diare,Minat berlangganan