Persepsi dan kepercayaan suku Mandar tentang kehamilan dan persalinan Sando Meana di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar

ANWAR, Muhammad, Dra. Yayi Suryo Prabandari, M.Si, Ph.D

2009 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Background: There was a decrease of childbirth assisted by health providers from 5,007 to 4,956 childbirths (2.4%). Meanwhile, births assisted by traditional birth attendants increased in 2005 – 2006 from 1,036 to 1,101 childbirths (6.3%) at District of Polewali Mandar in 2005 – 2006. Mandar tribe has values and belief related to pregnancy and post delivery. These are reflected from rituals held by sando meana (traditional birth attendants) such as marroma (taking the baby), mappadai toyang (bringing the baby to the cradle). Objective: To identify perception and belief of pregnant mothers in delivery assisted by traditional birth attendants at District of Polewali Mandar. Method: The study used qualitative method and ethnographic approach. Subject consisted of pregnant mothers, traditional childbirth attendants, and key informen including leading members of the community, doctors of the health center, village midwives and staff of mother and child health of the health office. Subject of the study were selected purposively using key person and sampling strategy used was maximum variation sampling. Data were obtained through indepth interview and observation. The techniques used to test data validity were triangulation and member checking method. Result: Perception of mothers about sando delivery was that childbirth was not only a matter of natural happening but also a critical phase that required cultural rituals related to religion and local tradition. The advantages perceived by pregnant mothers about sando delivery were that it was economically cheap of good service, and socially relevant with the tradition. The disadvantages of sando meana delivery were that the drugs and technique of assistance used were still relatively traditional. The reason of choosing sando were unavailability of midwives, inexpensive cost, no complication, habit, close to home and pressure from parents. Conclusion: The choice for sando meana delivery was due to limited economic condition of the community, unavailability of health staf, limited transport facilities and strong influence of the local tradition. Equal distribution of village midwives was needed and there should be partnership between midwives and traditional childbirth attendants.

Latar belakang : Penurunan persalinan oleh tenaga kesehatan Kabupaten Polewali Mandar periode tahun 2005-2006 terlihat sebesar 5.077 menjadi 4.956 persalinan (sebesar 2,4%). Berbeda dengan persalinan dukun, terjadi peningkatan dari 1.036 menjadi 1.101 persalinan (sebesar 6,3%). Suku Mandar memiliki budaya yang kuat terkait dengan masa kehamilan dan pasca persalinan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari adanya upacara yang dilaksanakan oleh sando meana (dukun bayi) seperti marroma (menjemput bayi) mappadai toyang (menaikkan ke ayung) Tujuan Penelitian : Mengetahui persepsi dan kepercayaan ibu hamil untuk bersalin ke dukun di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Metode Penelitian : Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnografi. Subjek penelitian adalah ibu hamil, dukun beranak, dan informan kunci termasuk tokoh masyarakat, dokter puskesmas, bidan desa dan staf KIA dinas kesehatan. Subjek penelitian dipilih dengan metode purposive sampling menggunakan key person. Strategi sampling adalah maximum variation sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data adalah triangulasi sumber, metode dan member checking. Hasil : Pemahaman ibu bersalin tentang persalinan sando adalah bahwa kehamilan dan persalinan bukan hanya peristiwa kelahiran alami saja, tetapi masa kritis sehingga perlu dilakukan ritual budaya terkait dengan religi dan adat kebiasaan setempat. Keuntungan yang dirasakan ibu bersalin tentang persalinan sando adalah murah, pelayanan yang baik dan sesuai dengan adat kebiasaan. Kekurangan persalinan sando meana terutama alat, obat yang digunakan dan cara pertolongan yang masih tradisional. Alasan ke sando adalah tidak adanya bidan, biaya murah, tidak ada kelainan, kebiasaan, lebih dekat dan kemauan orangtua. Kesimpulan : Pemilihan penolong persalinan sando meana didasari oleh keterbatasan ekonomi masyarakat, tidak adanya petugas kesehatan dan sarana transportasi yang tidak lancar serta masih kuatnya pengaruh budaya setempat. Perlu pemerataan penempatan bidan desa dan kemitraan bidan dengan dukun.

Kata Kunci : Persalinan dukun,Persepsi,Kepercayaan,Suku Mandar,childbirth, traditional childbirth attendants, belief, local tradition, Mandar Tribe