Distribusi keruangan desa-desa tertinggal di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat

IBRAHIM, Dr. Muhammad Baiquni, MA

2008 | Tesis | S2 Geografi

Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat merupakan salah satu daerah kabupaten penting di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat, sebagai akibat keberadaan perusahaan penambangan emas oleh PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara. Namun demikian, di antara 33 desa yang termasuk kabupaten ini sebagian besar merupakan desa tertinggal. Oleh karena itu dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk identifikasi karakteristik geografis desa tertinggal, mengkaji distribusi keruangan desa tertinggal, dan mempelajari faktor-faktor penentu dan besarnya pengaruh faktor tersebut terhadap desa tertinggal di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei, dan metode analisis data sekunder. Karakteristik ketertinggalan desa diukur dari potensi desa yang dikategorikan menjadi desa tertinggal, kurang maju, dan maju. Faktor penentu desa tertinggal diukur dari aksesibilitas, sarana prasarana sosial ekonomi dan proporsi luas lahan pertanian. Tingkat kesejahteraan penduduk diukur dari survey rumah tangga sampel dan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kesejahteraan rumah tangga adalah karakteristik sosial ekonomi responden. Tehnik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis tabulasi silang dan statistik regresi ganda. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa karakteristik desa tertinggal di Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat bervariasi menurut karakteristik topografi. Didaerah topografi berbukit jumlah desa tertinggal lebih banyak (62,5%) daripada di daerah dataran (47,05%). Hal ini disebabkan kesuburan tanah daerah perbukitan lebih rendah daripada di daerah dataran, sehingga fasilitas desa secara umum relatif lebih sedikit. Perbedaan sebaran desa tertinggal di samping dipengaruhi oleh faktor topografi juga dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan sarana prasarana sosial ekonomi yang terdapat di setiap desa masih kurang. Meskipun tiga faktor aksesibilitas, sarana prasarana sosial ekonomi dan Sumber Daya Alam, secara bersama-sama mempunyai korelasi positif erat (R=0,602; signif 0,004), tetapi faktor yang paling berpengaruh adalah sarana prasarana sosial ekonomi (Beta = 0,625; nilai t = 4,020; signif < 0,001). Hal ini berarti semakin baik sarana prasarana sosial ekonomi desa akan semakin maju. Dalam hubungan dengan kesejahteraan rumah tangga di setiap desa tertinggal ternyata belum tentu masyarakatnya miskin. Pada desa-desa tertinggal proporsi rumah tangga yang memiliki kesejahteraan tinggi, justru lebih banyak daripada proporsi rumah tangga memiliki kesejahteraan rendah. Dengan demikian dasar program pengentasan kemiskinan kurang tepat apabila hanya mendasarkan pada jumlah desa tertinggal.

Sumbawa Barat District is one of the important districts in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province as a consequence of the establishment of PT. Newmont Nusa Tenggara, the gold mining factory. However, most of the 33 villages in the district are underdeveloped villages. The study, therefore, was conducted to identify geographic characteristics of underdeveloped villages, to study spatial distribution in underdeveloped villages, and to understand the determining factors and the extent of the factors' impact on underdeveloped villages in Sumbawa Barat District. The study uses survey and secondary data analysis methods. Underdevelopedness characteristics of a given village were measured according to the potential of villages categorized as underdeveloped, less-developed, and developed villages. The determining factor for an underdeveloped village was measured according to accessibility, socioeconomic infrastructure, and the width proportion of land for agricultural use. Prosperity level of residents was measured according to survey on sample households and the factors that have impact on the prosperity of sample households are respondents' socioeconomic characters. The analysis methods used were cross tabulation analysis and double regression statistics. The result of the study indicates that the characteristic of underdeveloped village in Sumbawa Barat District varies according to topographical characteristics. In hilly topographical areas, the number of underdeveloped villages is higher (62.5%) than in plain areas (47.05%). This is because the land fertility in hilly areas is lower than that of the plain areas, and so generally the facilities in such villages are relatively less sufficient. Difference of underdeveloped village distribution, aside from being influenced by topographical factors, is also influenced by insufficient socioeconomic infrastructure in the village. Although the three factors of accessibility, socioeconomic infrastructure and natural resources together have close positive correlation (R=0.602; signif 0.004), but the most influential factor is socioeconomic infrastructure (Beta=0.625; t value=4.020; signif<0.001). It signifies that the better socioeconomic infrastructure, the more level of development a village will attain. In relation to prosperity, in household level, underdeveloped village apparently does not necessarily have high level of prosperity; in fact, a larger proportion of households have low level of prosperity. That said, the poverty eradication program will be inappropriate if it is based solely on the number of underdeveloped villages.

Kata Kunci : Desa tertinggal, Sarana dan prasarana, Sosial ekonomi dan tingkat kesejahteraan, Underdeveloped Villages, Socioeconomic Infrastructure, Prosperity Level