Kajian kritis pelaksanaan uji kepatutan dan kelayakan (fit dan proper test) calon Panglima TNI
AHMADI, Aziz, Drs. Armaidy Armawi, M.Si
2008 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan NasionalBagi bangsa Indonesia, reformasi merupakan critical juncture atau peristiwa besar yang mengubah arah sekaligus “rel†baru sejarah. Bersama Orde Baru, Indonesia mengusung sistem “demokrasi Pancasila†dengan pilar utama militer atau TNI, yang sehari-hari bergulat dalam politik praktis atau day today politic. Dengan hadirnya reformasi, Indonesia berketetapan hati amat kuat untuk membangun demokrasi yang benar di atas fundamen supremasi sipil. Untuk itu, politik amputasi harus dijalankan terhadap TNI dengan melakukan amputasi terhadap fungsi, peran dan tugas pokok militer melalui keniscayaan menanggalkan Dwifungsinya. TNI harus meninggalkan ciri pretorianisme untuk menjadi TNI “sejati†yang hanya berkhidmat sebagai alat pertahanan negara yang profesional, modern dan handal. Perubahan arah dan “rel†sejarah itu, amat dramatik sekaligus sangat “menarik†untuk dikaji. Di dalamnya, terjadi konversi sedemikian rupa dalam perkembangan TNI ke depan. Secara radikal, harus dilakukan institusionalisasi baru melalui “reformasi internal†TNI secara total, meliputi aspek doktrin, struktur dan kultur. Artinya, TNI harus melakukan perubahan “budaya†atau “perilaku†(lembaga/ organisasi) dari TNI “Lama†seperti pada rezim Orde Baru, menuju “budaya†atau “perilaku†TNI “Baru†di era reformasi saat ini. Proses pelembagaan dan pembudayaan TNI dimaksud, mendapat momentum dan akselerasi yang patut disyukuri dengan disahkannya UUD 1945 hasil empat kali amandemen, disusul kemudian lahirnya Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara dan Undang-Undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 tentang TNI. Dua Undang-Undang inilah, yang pada hakekatnya merupakan landasan sekaligus payung hukum dalam mendisain dan menginstitusionalisasi TNI. Lain idealisme dan semangat, lain pula kenyataannya. Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 tentang TNI, terdapat Pasal 13 yang mengatur prosedur pengangkatan Panglima TNI. Calon Panglima TNI yang akan diangkat Presiden, terlebih dahulu harus mengikuti “uji kepatutan dan kelayakan†atau fit and proper test untuk mendapat persetujuan DPR. Pasal inilah, yang membawa TNI ke posisi dilematis atau ke persimpangan jalan. Di satu sisi, TNI dituntut harus profesional dan steril dari politik praktis, namun di sisi lain secara sengaja ditarik kembali ke ranah politik. Pasal 13 UU Nomor 34/2004 amat ambivalens dan paradoks, mengundang berbagai implikasi serius yang amat tidak memihak atau menguntungkan terhadap upaya besar institusionalisasi TNI “Baru†itu sendiri. Atas dasar pemikiran seperti itu, melalui “metoda penelitian†yang bersifat kualitatif dan eksploratif, tesis ini berupaya dan diharapkan dapat “mengejar†dan menemukan apa saja implikasi-implikasi serius yang amat merugikan TNI “Baru†itu. Selebihnya, diharapkan dapat menghasilkan sumbangan pemikiran yang konstruktif, berupa “model†atau “format†baru yang dapat direkomendasikan untuk diterapkan atau dioperasionalisasikan dalam proses pengangkatan Panglima TNI, menggantikan pola dan mekanisme yang berlaku selama ini.
To all Indonesians, reformation is undeniably a “critical juncture†or a huge event which has changed the direction of the history and constitutes the new track of a history. During the New Order administration, Indonesia implemented so-called Pancasila Democracy with the military as the core element that involved totally in “day-to-day†political practices. With the reform, Indonesia is committed to build a true democracy on the basis of “civil supremacyâ€. Therefore, an “amputation policy†was imposed on TNI by dismissing the function, role and main task of TNI’s “Dual Functionâ€. TNI was forced to leave its “pretorianism†for being a truly dedicated TNI that merely functions as the state defense instrument which is professional, modern and capable. The change of direction and track of the history is quite “dramatic†and “needs reviewingâ€. In such change, there has been a huge “conversion†in the TNI future development. Radically, a new institutionalization is to be done through a total TNI internal reform covering such “doctrinal, structural and cultural†aspects. It also implies that TNI has to conduct its cultural and attitude changes in its organization/institutions from the “Old TNI†during the New Order era into TNI “new culture and attitude†in the reform era. Such TNI institutionalization and culturalization emerged at the right moment and provided its response with the enactment of the 1945 Constitution that was previously amended for four consecutive times. It was then followed by the promulgation of No. 3 Law/2002 on State Defense and No. 34/2004 Law on TNI. These two Laws basically serve as the legal basis in designing and institutionalizing TNI. However, idealism and spirit do not always go along with reality. “Article 13†of No. 34/2004 Law on TNI states about the procedure and “appointment†of TNI Commander-in-Chief. The candidate to be appointed by the President must undergo a fit and proper test for the Parliament approval. This Article has led the TNI into a “dilemmatic†position and put them at the “cross-roadâ€. On one side, TNI is demanded to be professional and “sterilized†from political practice, and on the other side, TNI is “pulled back†to the political area. “Article 13†of No. 34/ 2004 seems to have inconsistency, ambivalence and paradox which might cause serious “implications†and that will “contradict†with the effort of institutionalizing new TNI. Based upon such views, a “research method†that has a qualitative and explorative basis is conducted. This thesis will hopefully try to disclose and reveal such serious “implications†which might cause bad impact to the “New TNIâ€. Moreover, this will possibly provide such constructive ideas and insights in the form of “new model†and “format†to be recommended for use and for further implementation in the appointment process of TNI Commander-in-Chief replacing the pattern and mechanism which have for years prevailed.
Kata Kunci : Reformasi TNI,Uji kepatuhan dan kelayakan,Panglima TNI,TNI Reformation, a Fit and Proper Test, TNI C-in-C
