Masyarakat kota dan hiburan teater tradisional di Surabaya, 1950-1968

SAMIDI, Dr. S. Margana

2008 | Tesis | S2 Sejarah

Tesis ini membahas tentang konteks sosial perkembangan pertunjukan teater tradisional di kota Surabaya selama periode 1950-1968. Pembahasan difokuskan pada transformasi teater tradisional dari seni jalanan menjadi seni panggung, komersialisasi, politisasi dan regulasi pemerintah. Dalam tesis ini ditunjukkan bahwa perubahan-perubahan itu sangat dipengaruhi oleh perubahan sosial. Penulisan tesis ini didasarkan pada sumber-sumber lisan dan tertulis sejaman dan sumber-sumber sekunder lain seperti koran dan majalah. Faktor demografi memberikan pengaruh besar atas perkembangan pertunjukan teater tradisional di kota Surabaya. Setelah berakhirnya perang kemerdekaan penduduk Surabaya mengalami peningkatan yang berarti. Kegiatan ekonomi dan perdagangan juga semakin pesat. Hal ini juga menjadi faktor yang mendorong perkembangan seni pertunjukan di kota Surabaya. Sejak tahun 1950-an mulai muncul banyak perkumpulan atau komunitas seni yang mengadakan pertunjukan-pertunjukan seni. Antusiasme penduduk terhadap pertunjukan itu mendorong pemerintah lokal atau kelompok swasta membangun gedung-gedung pertunjukan. Aktifitas pertunjukan di dalam gedung-gedung didukung oleh penonton dari kelas sosial tertentu. Sejak adanya gedung-gedung pertunjukan itu antusiasme kelas menengah atas terhadap pertunjukkan teater tradisional semakin besar. Dalam proses ini komersialisasi seni pertunjukan teater tradisional terjadi. Perkembangan teater tradisional di Surabaya juga dimanfaatkan beberapa kelompok untuk kepentingan sosial dan politik, seperti pengumpulan dana dan pendulangan suara dalam pemilu. Pada tahun 1950-1968 banyak komunitas seni mulai berafiliasi dengan partai politik. Pihak lain yang juga berkepentingan adalah pemerintah daerah. Sejak itu banyak regulasi pertunjukkan mulai dibuat dan beberapa jenis pajak tertentu mulai diberlakukan untuk kepentingan kas daerah

This thesis discusses the social context of traditional theatre performance in Surabaya, during the period 1950 – 1968. The discussion focusses on the transformation of traditional theatre from street performance to become a panggung performance. This thesis shows that the development of traditional theatre performance was influenced by social change. The study is based on the oral and written sources, and such other secondary sources as magazine and newspaper. Population growth gave a big impact on the development of traditional theatre performance in Surabaya. By the end of the war of independence, the population grew significantly. The economy and trading activity were developed as well. Such factors had stimulated the development of art performance in Surabaya city. Since 1950s began to appear various arts communities which organized art performances. The enthusiasm of the citizen toward the performance encourage the local government and the private group built several performance buildings, as theater. The art performance inside the building theatre was supported by certain social class. Since the existence of those performance building the enthuiasm of the middle class towards traditional performance became stronger. In this process the commercialization of the traditional theatre took place. Many social groups tried to take advantage from the development of the traditional theatre for their own social and political interests, for instance for the charity and mobilization of the people to support some political parties in the election. In 1950-1968 many art communities in Surabaya afiliated themselves with the political parties. Another party who took advantage from this development was the local government. Since that period the regulation of art performance was issued and various kind of taxes were introduced for the shake of local income.

Kata Kunci : Sejarah seni,Teater tradisional,Perubahan sosial, art history, traditional theater, social change