Memayu-hayu bagya bawana sejarah Gerakan Sapta Darma di Indonesia 1952-2006

UTAMA, Chandra, Dr. Nico L. Kana

2008 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Perbandingan Agama

Sapta Darma merupakan salah satu dari gerakan spiritual Jawa terbesar di Indonesia. Ia telah memiliki pengikut ratusan ribu yang tersebar di sebagian besar wilayah Indonesia dan bahkan sudah mencapai manca negara. Sejak masa awal pertumbuhannya pada 1950-an hingga sekarang, Sapta Darma mengalami beberapa fase perkembangan. Karena tema “aliran kebatinan” masih menjadi isu sensitif di negara ini, pembahasan tentang gerakan Sapta Darma menjadi penting untuk memberikan pemahaman seputar konteks keberagamaan di Indonesia, khususnya hubungan antara dua kekuatan yang tengah bersaing secara politik, yaitu Islam dan kebatinan. Terlebih lagi, belum ada kajian yang secara khusus meneropong dimensi kesejarahan dan aspek-aspek dinamika gerakan Sapta Darma. Tesis ini menjelajahi sejarah gerakan Sapta Darma dari pewahyuan yang dialami sang pendiri, yaitu Hardjosapuro atau Sri Gutama, di Pare pada 1952 hingga sekarang. Selain itu, juga akan dibahas bagaimana pengalaman wahyu akhirnya menjadi landasan praksis spiritual dan bagaimana proses penyebaran ajaran dilakukan, baik melalui mekanisme praktek peruwatan [netralisasi kekuatan gaib] dan pangusadan [penyembuhan]. Kedua praktek tersebut pada gilirannya memasyhurkan nama Sapta Darma sebagai gerakan penyembuhan dengan semangat anti-pemujaan. Tesis ini juga mengkaji pola-pola hubungan antar tingkatan yang terjalin dalam karakter, kronologi, dan matriks aksi dari gerakan Sapta Darma dalam kaitannya dengan jagat kesadaran spiritual, budaya, masyarakat, dan negara. Sejalan dengan perkembangan kontemporer, narasi merambah ke aspek-aspek sosial politik, misalnya bentuk-bentuk diskrimanasi, baik dilakukan oleh negara maupun komunitas “muslim” tertentu. Dengan demikian, tesis ini akan memberi pemahaman tentang gerakan spiritual Jawa dapat bertahan dan berkembang dalam konteks sosial politik dan budaya dalam sejarah Indonesia.

Sapta Darma is one of the largest Javanese spiritual movements in Indonesia with hundreds of thousands of followers. Sapta Darma is scattered in a large part of the country and has been beyond the national boundary. From its early period of growth in the 1950’s to the latest development of the movement there have been several phases. Since the subject of aliran kebatinan (Javanese spiritual movement) is still a very sensitive issue in the country, discussion on the movement will be significant to give more understanding of the movement in the Indonesian context of religiousity, especially about the antagonistic relation between two competing powers, Islam and Kebatinan. Moreover, there is no study which specifically observes the historical phase and dynamic aspect of the movement. This thesis aims at exploring the historical dimension of the Sapta Darma movement, beginning from the founder’s revelatory experiences [Hardjosapuro or Sri Gutama] in Pare in 1952 up to the present time. It will show how such experiences became the basis for its spiritual praxis in the next phase of its development and highlight the process of promulgation both via mechanism of peruwatan (occult power neutralizing practice) and pangusadan (healing practice). Both practices characterize Sapta Darma as an anti-occultist and healing movement. That is to say, the Sapta Darma movement has won fame as a healing practice which strictly opposes the spirit of polytheism. The thesis also focuses on the interwoven relationship between character, chronology and the action matrix of the Sapta Darma movement in connection with the realm of spiritual consciousness, culture, society, and state. Dealing with contemporary developments, the exploration goes to the socio-political and cultural aspects (for instance, forms of discrimination, either done by state or “certain” [Moslem] communities) which have already suffered under movement. The expected contribution of this thesis is to create better understanding on the ways in which a Javanese spiritual movement can survive and develop in the changing sociopolitical and cultural context within Indonesian history.

Kata Kunci : Sapta Darma, sejarah, pewahyuan, pangusadan, peruwatan, anti pemujaan, diskriminasi, history, revelation, occult power neutralizing practice, healing practice, anti-occultist movement, polytheism, discrimination