Analisis willingness to pay dan willingness to accept dana kompensasi air di Kabupaten Magelang

HANDAYANI, Tri, Prof. Dr. Mudrajad Kuncoro, M.Soc., Sc

2008 | Tesis | S2 Magister Ekonomika Pembangunan

Sumber daya air dikatagorikan sebagai barang publik mempunyai tiga fungsi yaitu: fungsi sosial, fungsi lingkungan hidup dan fungsi ekonomi. Pengusahaan sumber daya air adalah cerminan dari fungsi ekonomi sumber daya air, yang dalam pelaksanaannya harus memperhatikan fungsi sosial dan fungsi lingkungan hidup. Setiap badan usaha atau perorangan yang melakukan pengusahaan sumber daya air wajib melaksanakan konservasi dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat disekitarnya. Adanya pengusahaan air memunculkan nilai ekonomis air yang menyebabkan seseorang ingin mengorbankan barang atau jasa untuk memperoleh air (Willingness to Pay) dan kesedian menerima kompensasi atas hilangnya barang dan jasa sumber daya air dan lingkungan (Willingness to Accept). Penelitian ini mempunyai empat tujuan yaitu: menganalisis kesediaan membayar (Willingness to Pay) ketersediaan air, menganalisis kesediaan menerima (Willingness to Accept) dana kompensasi air, menganalisis paired comparison Willingness to Pay dan Willingness to Accept, dan mengidentifikasi usaha konservasi yang dilakukan oleh PDAM di Kabupaten Magelang. Data yang digunakan untuk tiga tujuan adalah data primer yang diperoleh dengan contingent valuation method dengan pertanyaan dischotomous choices ”Ya” dan ”Tidak” untuk menjawab kesediaan membayar maupun menerima sebagai variabel dependent. Jumlah uang yang bersedia dibayar (WTP) dan yang diterima (WTA), sikap, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, usia, jumlah anggota keluarga, luas lahan, kecukupan air, status lahan dan pendapatan sebagai variabel indepndent. Kemudian dianalisis dengan metode maximum likelihood estimation model logit. Untuk menganalisis paired comparison Willingness to Pay dan Willingness to Accept digunakan rank spearman correlation. Metode deskriptif digunakan untuk identifikasi usaha konservasi PDAM. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pertama Willingness to Pay ketersediaan air sebagai akibat perubahan lingkungan secara signifikan dipengaruhi jumlah uang yang bersedia dibayar, sikap, pendidikan, usia, jumlah anggota keluarga, status lahan dan pendapatan. Kedua, Willingness to Accept dana kompensasi air secara signifikan dipengaruhi variabel sikap, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, jumlah anggota keluarga, kecukupan dan pendapatan. Ketiga, paired comparison Willingness to Pay dan Willingness to Accept mempunyai korelasi negatif, di mana besaran Willingness to Accept lebih besar dari Willingness to Pay, membuktikan dengan metode paired comparison dapat menurunkan gap WTA-WTP. Keempat, PDAM Temanggung belum melaksanakan konservasi sumber daya air dan konservasi yang dilaksanakan oleh PDAM Kota Magelang masih jauh dari ketentuan yang berlaku.

Water resource categorized as public goods have three function that i.e.: social function, economic function and environmental function. Water resource exertion is a reflection of economic function, what is in its execution have to pay attention to the social and environment function. Every entrepreneur or person conducting water resource exertion is obliged to execute the conservation action and improve the society prosperity. Existence of water resource exertion make rise the economic value of water that caused somebody wish to sacrifice goods or services to obtain the water ( Willingness to Pay) and willing to accept the compensation for losing goods and services of water resource and environment (Willingness to Accept). This research have four goals: analyze Willingness to Pay on the availibility of water, to analyze Willingness to Accept compensation of water fund, to analyze paired comparison of Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept, and to identify the conservation effort done by PDAM in Magelang Regency. Data used to first three goals is primary data obtained by contingent valuation method with dischotomous choices " Yes" or " No" to questions to Willingness to Pay and to Accept as the dependent variables, while the independent variables are the amount money that respondents willing to pay (WTP) and to accept (WTA), attitude, gender, education, age, family size, wide of farmland, water sufficiency, farmland status and income. The analysis is conducted model logit with maximum likelihood estimation method. A rank spearman correlation methods in used to analyze paired comparison of Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept. Then a descriptive method is used to identify the conservation effort of PDAM. The analysis result shown that, first, Willingness to Pay on the availibility of water as the result environmental change is significantly affected by the amount money willing to be paid, attitude, education, age, family size, farmland status and income. Second, Willingness to Accept is significantly affected by attitude, gender, education, family size, sufficiency and income. Third, paired comparison Willingness to Pay and Willingness to Accept have the negative correlation, where about level of Willingness to Accept is higher than Willingness to Pay, proved that by using the paired comparisons methods could degrade the gap of WTA-WTP. Fourth, PDAM of Temanggung Regency not yet execute the water resource conservation efforts, while the conservation efforts done by Magelang Municipality is still far away below the rule.

Kata Kunci : Willingness to Pay, Willingness to Accept, sumber daya air, logit, konservasi, paired comparison, water resource, conservation