Penguatan kelembagaan masyarakat dalam pengentasan kemiskinan :: Studi pada BKM dalam pelaksanaan P2KP dan PNPM di Kelurahan Demangan Kecamatan Gondokusuman Kota Yogyakarta

WIDARTI, Surati Rini, Dr. Soetatwo Hadiwigeno, M.A

2008 | Tesis | S2 Magister Ekonomika Pembangunan

Rendahnya efektivitas berbagai program pengentasan kemiskinan yang dilaksanakan di Indonesia sejak masa krisis ekonomi 1996-1997 telah mendorong perubahan paradigma dalam memandang upaya memberdayakan masyarakat miskin. Salah satu upaya yang ditempuh adalah melalui program pengentasan kemiskinan yang berorientasi pemberdayaan kelembagaan masyarakat dengan P2KP dan PNPM. Kinerja lembaga masyarakat dalam program ini amat ditentukan oleh aspek-aspek institusional, kondisi sosial ekonomi dan variabel program. Penelitian dengan studi kasus BKM Kelurahan Demangan Kecamatan Gondokusuman Kota Yogyakarta ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana penguatan kelembagaan masyarakat dalam P2KP dan PNPM dan pengaruh aspek-aspek kelembagaan, sosial ekonomi dan variabel program terhadap kinerja lembaga tersebut dilihat dari kinerja keuangan, tingkat partisipasi, ketepatan sasaran, transparansi dan akuntabilitas. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dan analisis regresi dengan model logit (binary logistic regression) dengan variabel independen kepastian aturan hukum, sistem insentif dan daya saing, sistem pembelajaran dan pelatihan SDM, dan hubungan eksternal, dummy jenis kelamin dan kepemilikan usaha, tingkat pendidikan, dan lamanya mengikuti program. Hasil analisis regresi logit menunjukkan bahwa aspek-aspek kelembagaan, sosial ekonomi dan variabel program secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kinerja BKM, sedangkan secara parsial tidak semua variabel independen berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan ditunjukkan oleh variabel kepemilikan usaha (DUSH), jenis kelamin (DJK), dan variabel lamanya mengikuti program (WKT), yang menunjukkan kesesuaian dengan hasil penelitian Chowdhury et.al. (2005) di Bangladesh, sedangkan aspek kelembagaan yang berpengaruh signifikan adalah variabel kepastian aturan hukum (ATR) menunjukkan kecocokan dengan teori North (1990) dan penelitian Arsyad (2003) terhadap pengaruh aspek kelembagaan terhadap keberhasilan LPD di Bali.

The low effectiveness of various poverty alleviation programmes that implemented in Indonesia since the shocking economic crisis in 1996-1997 had changed the paradigms in the views of empowering the poor people. One of the attempted poverty alleviation program that more committed to empowering the community based institutions is P2KP and PNPM. The performance of the community based instutitions in this program is determined by institutional aspects, socioeconomic characteristics and characteristics of the program. This research that conducted a case study on the role of BKM Demangan Village, District of Gondokusuman, Yogyakarta Municipality, is aimed to analyze the performance of community based institution (BKM) development in P2KP and PNPM program, and the affects of institutional aspects, socio-economic characteristics and characteristics of the program to the institution performance viewed from the side of financial performance, participation rate, targetting effectiveness, transparency and accountability. The methods used is descriptive analysis and logit (binary logistic) regression analysis including independent variables : rule of law system, incentives and competitiveness system, learning and practice system, an external relationship, dummy sex and economic-productive activity ownership, education and programme membership duration. The result of logit regression analysis shows that the institutional aspects, socioeconomic characteristics and characteristics of the program as a whole have positive and significant affect to the performance of BKM Demangan simutaneously, while not all of the independent variables partially have a positive and significant affects. Variables that have significant affects are economic-productive activity ownership (DUSH), dummy sex (DJK) and programme membership duration (WKT), analogous with the results of research conducted in Bangladesh by Chowdhury et.al. (2005), while institutional aspects that have significant affects is only rule of law system (ATR), analogous with North’s theory of institution (1990) and the results of research conducted by Arsyad (2003) to the affects of institutional aspects on the performance of LPD in Bali.

Kata Kunci : Pengentasan kemiskinan,Aspek kelembagaan,P2KP,PNPM, poverty alleviation, institutional aspects, P2KP, PNPM