Penambangan pasir laut di Kabupaten Serang :: Studi kasus di perairan Desa Lontar Kecamatan Tirtayasa

KUSUMAWATI, Lia, Ir. Suryanto, MSP

2008 | Tesis | S2 Magister Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Sejak tahun 2003, Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Serang mengusahakan penambangan pasir laut di wilayahnya dalam merespon permintaan pasir urug untuk pembukaan lahan baru ke arah pesisir di berbagai wilayah, khususnya Jakarta. Pada satu sisi, penambangan pasir laut dapat dilihat sebagai sumber pendapatan daerah, namun di sisi lain penambangan pasir laut di Kabupaten Serang, khususnya di Desa Lontar di duga telah mengakibatkan terjadinya kerusakan lingkungan, sehingga merugikan masyarakat setempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh kegiatan penambangan pasir laut terhadap perubahan lingkungan dan kehidupan masyarakat di Desa Lontar, Kecamatan Tirtayasa, Kabupaten Serang, Banten. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan kualitatif. Data-data yang digunakan meliputi data sekunder berupa peta, citra satelit, dan dokumen pendukung, serta data primer. Teknik pengumpulan data primer dilakukan melalui in-depth interview terhadap masyarakat Desa Lontar, dan instansi-instansi pemerintah yang terkait dalam kegiatan penambangan pasir laut. Analisa data dilakukan secara spasial dan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tiga hal utama. Pertama, penambangan pasir laut mempengaruhi daratan pesisir Desa Lontar melalui adanya perubahan parameter oseanografi, khususnya arah arus, yang semakin mengintenfsifkan proses abrasi di sepanjang pantai Desa Lontar. Hal ini juga terlihat dari perbedaan luas wilayah yang terabrasi di Desa Lontar pada periode sebelum penambangan pasir laut (rata – rata 2,4 ha per tahun) dengan periode penambangan pasir laut (rata – rata 6,6 ha per tahun). Abrasi yang terjadi pada masa penambangan pasir laut telah mengganggu lahan masyarakat yang meliputi area pemukiman, sawah, dan tambak. Pola abrasi yang terjadi di pantai Desa Lontar pada periode penambangan pasir laut cenderung bergerak semakin ke arah timur, yaitu ke arah pemukiman nelayan, sedangkan pada periode sebelum penambangan pasir laut, abrasi hanya terjadi di sekitar Tanjung Pontang yang secara alami sudah mengalami proses abrasi sebelumnya. Kedua, masyarakat memiliki persepsi bahwa penambangan pasir laut memberikan dampak negatif bagi kehidupan masyarakat Desa Lontar, karena adanya kerusakan lingkungan laut dan pantai, yang telah mempengaruhi kondisi perekonomian dan lin gkungan perumahan mereka. Ketiga, lemahnya penegakkan hukum (law enforcement), khususnya terhadap Amdal yang telah dibuat, menyebabkan pengawasan dan pengendalian penambangan pasir laut kurang optimal. Kasus yang terjadi di Desa Lontar ini tidak lepas dari lemahnya pengelolaan lingkungan hidup, yang terkait dengan kegiatan penambangan pasir laut, yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Serang. Lemahnya pengelolaan lingkungan ini sangat berhubungan dengan penyelenggaraan pemerintahan yang ada, terutama masalah kurangnya integritas moral dan komitmen pemerintah terhadap lingkungan hidup. Upaya – upaya pengawasan dan pengendalian penambangan pasir laut yang ketat perlu dilakukan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Serang, khususnya mengenai aspek legal dalam pengelolaan penambangan pasir laut. Selain itu, juga diperlukan kelembagaan dalam kegiatan penambangan pasir laut yang lebih bertanggung jawab dan berkomitmen tinggi terhadap lingkungan agar tercipta sistem pengawasan dan pengendalian penambangan pasir laut yang lebih efektif, yang pada akhirnya dapat meminimasi dampak lingkungan yang terjadi akibat penambangan pasir laut.

With the rapid growth of many cities in Indonesia, including Jakarta, the demand for dumped sand used for coastal reclamation has significantly increased. In response to this demand, the government of Serang regency began to exploit its offshore sand resources in Lontar village since 2003. On one hand, this offshore sand mining can be considered as an effort to boost regional income while on the other hand, the sand mining activity in Lontar village has long been hypothesized to degrade environmental condition in the area and thus cause problems to its inhabitant. The specific objective of this study is to find out the influence of offshore sand mining to the environmental condition in Lontar village, Serang regency, Banten province and to the life quality of its inhabitant. Qualitative approach is used in this study. Primary data is obtained by conducting in-depth interview to representative number of inhabitant of Lontar village and to officials of governmental institutions involved in marine and coastal area management, particularly offshore sand mining. Secondary data employed are in form of maps, satellite imageries and various supporting documents. Final data analysis is conducted both in spatial and descriptive technique. The result shows three main points. First, sand mining activity modifies current pattern offshore Lontar village which intensifies abrasion process along the coast of the village as confirmed by hydrodynamics model. This fact is also reflected in larger eroded coastal area during the sand mining period (approximately 6,6 ha / year) compared to smaller eroded area before the mining took place (approximately 2,4 ha / year). Before the sand mining took place natural abrasion is only found around Cape Pontang in western part of the village and erodes only several fish ponds. During the sand mining period more land uses (residential area, paddy field and fish pond) are lost due to abrasion which increasingly tends to extend eastward towards the fisherman settlement. Second, inhabitant of Lontar village shares common perception that sand mining activity gives negative impacts on their life quality due to degrading environmental condition which has been influenced their income and environmental settlement. Third, inconsistency or weak law enforcement in implementing previously conducted Environmental Impact Assessment study causes ineffective control and monitoring of sand mining implementation. This case which occurred in Lontar Village has strong correlation with the ineffectiveness of environmental management by local government, particularly management of offshore sand mining activity in Serang Regency. This condition has also strong correlation with the issue of good governance, particularly the moral integrity and the government commitment to the environment. Control and monitoring effort must be done by the local government tightly and consistently, particularly legal aspect of offshore sand mining management. Institutions which have good responsibility and commitment with the environment, is also very crucial in offshore sand mining management. It should be integrated among government institutions, not only by local government but also with the central and province governments. Good institution in offshore sand mining management will improve the control and monitoring system effectively, and it will minimize the negative impacts of offshore sand mining activity at last.

Kata Kunci : Penambangan pasir laut,Abrasi,Degradasi lingkungan,Persepsi masyarakat, Offshore sand mining, Abrasion, Environmental degradation, People perception