Constraints, opportunities and challenges in gender maintreaming in education planning :: Case of Education and Culture Regional Office of Bangka Belitung Archipelago Province

BUDIATI, Rusni, Dr. R. Rijanta, M.Sc

2008 | Tesis | S2 Magister Perencanaan Kota dan Daerah

Pengarusutamaan Gender (PUG) menjadi strategi yang digunakan banyak organisasi internasional untuk mencapai persamaan gender dan pemberdayaan gender. Persamaan gender merupakan salah satu tujuan dalam Millenium Development Goals, sebagaimana pemberdayaan perempuan, meningkatkan kesehatan ibu dan pendidikan dasar untuk semua. PUG memfokuskan pada perempuan karena perempuan lebih rentan terhadap subordinasi dalam konstruksi sosial dan biasanya berada di level terendah dalam masyarakat miskin. PUG juga mempromosikan partisipasi dan akuntabilitas dalam good governance dengan cara melaksanakan analisa gender dalam perencanaan dan implementasi pembangunan. Pendidikan adalah salah satu sektor strategis karena lebih mungkin untuk merubah status sosial dan nilai-nilai dalam masyarakat. Di Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Indonesia, pencapaian pendidikan perempuan serta keadaan ekonominya secara statistik berada pada urutan terendah dalam Index Pembangunan Gender di Indonesia pada tahun 2002. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup perempuan, pemerintah provinsi membentuk Gender Focal Point (GFP) di setiap unit kerjanya dan membangun kapasitas pegawai negeri untuk melaksanakan PUG dengan mengadakan pelatihan dan sosialisasi gender. Penelitian ini memfokuskan pada halangan, peluang dan tantangan untuk melaksanakan PUG di Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Provinsi Babel dengan menggunakan studi kasus kualitatif. Data primer dan sekunder diperoleh melalui desk study terhadap dokumen-dokumen kebijakan yang dianalisa dengan content analysis untuk mengecek muatan gender di dalamnya, 12 in-depth interviews yang di periksa secara silang dengan kuisioner dari 30 responden yang dipilih secara purposif, dan pengamatan partisipatif di Dinas P&K Provinsi Babel. Aspek-aspek yang diteliti adalah organisasi, struktur, dan tujuan Dinas P&K dengan melihat inspirasi komitmen, petunjuk dan kontrol dalam organisasi, serta sistem perencanaan di Dinas P&K yang terdiri dari pengumpulan dan analisis, pengambilan keputusan, serta pelaksanaan dan evaluasi, yang tidak lepas dari lingkungan eksternal. Kesimpulan dari studi ini adalah a) tugas-tugas yg dilaksanakan oleh Dinas P&K bersifat gender neutral; b) kapasitas untuk melaksanakan PUG di Dinas P&K masih kurang, dan pegawai di Dinas P&K menganggap bahwa kesetaraan jender hampir tidak ada di Dinas P&K serta di masyarakat, dan c) PUG sangat sedikit di laksanakan dalam proses perencanaan di Dinas P&K. Hal ini tidak semata-mata sebagai hasil dari faktor internal di Dinas P&K, tetapi juga karena lingkungan eksternal yang mempengaruhi proses perencanaan di Pemerintah Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Penelitian ini juga memetakan halangan, kesempatan dan tantangan untuk melaksanakan PUG di Dinas P&K Babel, serta menghasilkan rekomendasi untuk Pemerintah Provinsi Babel yaitu a) memanfaatkan pelatihan wajib untuk membangun kapasitas pegawai; b) melaksanakan pelatihan gender secara berkelanjutan; c) menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung terlibatnya GFP dalam proses perencanaan dan d) memberikan kewenangan kepada GFP untuk menggunakan mekanisme stick and carrot untuk menjamin PUG dilaksanakan dalam perencanaan program program pembangunan,

Gender mainstreaming (GM) has been promoted by international organizations as the strategy to achieve gender equality and to promote gender empowerment. Gender equality is addressed in Millennium Development Goals, as well as the call to empower women, to improve maternal health and to achieve universal primary education. The focus of gender mainstreaming is mostly on women since women are likely to be subordinated in social constructions and are prone to be in the worst off layer of the poor. GM also means to promote participation and accountability in good governance by exercising gender analysis in development planning and implementation. Education is one of the sectors that are considered strategic to promote gender equality, because it is likely to change social status as well as the existing values within society. In Bangka Belitung Archipelago (BBA), Indonesia, the education attainment of women as well as their economic attainment is statistically low, and this province had been in the lowest index of gender related development index in Indonesia in 2002. The provincial government has started the effort to improve the low quality of women life by establishing Gender Focal Points (GFPs) in its working units, and building the capacity of government officers to perform gender mainstreaming by conducting gender trainings and socializations. The research focuses on the constraints, opportunities and challenges of applying gender mainstreaming in the Education and Culture Regional Office (ECO) of BBA, by employing qualitative case study. The data are primary and secondary which are collected through a desk study, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and participatory observation in ECO of BBA in August – September 2007. The data was collected by interviewing 30 respondents with a questionnaire, and 12 in-depth interviews were conducted. The respondents were purposively selected. The in-depth interviews were conducted to cross check the data collected by the questionnaires, and the documents on the policies are studied using content analysis to weight gender issues addressed in them. The aspects studied in this research are the organization, the structure, and the objectives of ECO, the perspective and the capacity of the personnel working in ECO, by assessing the inspiration, commitment, guidance and control within the organization, and the planning system in ECO that consists of collection and analysis, decision making, and application and evaluation, which is not sterile from external environment. The study concludes that a) the tasks conducted within ECO are gender neutral; b) there is lack of capacity in conducting gender mainstreaming in ECO, and the personnel working in ECO are of the opinion that gender inequity hardly exists in ECO as well as in the society; and c) GM is poorly performed in the planning process in ECO. This is not merely the result of the internal factors within ECO, but also because of the external environment influencing the planning process in the Provincial Government of BBA. The research also maps the constraints, the opportunities and the challenges to employ GM in ECO BBA, as well as recommends provincial government a) use the compulsory training to build the capacity of the officers; b) conduct gender training continuously; c)create an enabling environment so that the GFP is involved in the whole planning process; and d) provide necessary authority to the GFP to employ stick and carrot mechanisms to ensure GM is conducted in the planning of development programs.

Kata Kunci : Pengarusutamaan gender, Persamaan gender, Pendidikan, Perencanaan, Organisasi, Gender mainstreaming, gender equality, education, planning, organization.