Pewarisan gen ketahanan terhadap cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) pada persilangan jagung lokal madura (Zea mays L. cv. Guluk-guluk) dan jagunug srikandi (Zea mays L. cv. Srikandi kuning-1)

MUJIATI, Endang, Dr. Budi Setiadi Daryono, M.Agr.Sc

2008 | Tesis | S2 Biologi

Jagung (Zea mays) merupakan salah satu bahan pangan yang penting di dunia. Di Indonesia produksi jagung nasional meningkat, tetapi belum mencukupi kebutuhan. Madura mempunyai areal terluas di Jatim yang ditanami jagung, tetapi produksi sangat rendah rata-rata 1,4 t/ha. Hal ini disebabkan petani lebih suka mananam jagung lokal Madura (termasuk Guluk-guluk) dengan alasan tahan terhadap penyakit (a.l. virus), umur genjah, tahan kekeringan dan daya simpan lama. Disamping itu jagung kultivar Srikandi kuning-1 dilaporkan punya keunggulan hasil 6,17 t/ha, kandungan protein 10,38 %, lisin 0,477% dan triptofan 0,095 %, tetapi umur panen lama dan tidak ada keterangan tahan virus. Infeksi virus dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil panen jagung hingga 62,2 %. Dengan demikian perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menyilangkan jagung Guluk-guluk dan jagung Srikandi kuning-1, agar diperoleh bibit unggul. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pewarisan gen ketahanan terhadap Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) pada persilangan jagung lokal Madura kultivar Guluk-guluk (Zea mays L. cv. Guluk-guluk) dengan jagung kultivar Srikandi (Zea mays L. cv. Srikandi kuning-1). Bibit jagung kultivar Guluk-guluk diperoleh dari Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Jawa Timur sedangkan jagung kultivar Srikandi kuning-1 dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia, Maros, Sulawesi Selatan. Kedua jagung tersebut disilangkan untuk mendapatkan F1. Persilangan dilanjutkan antara sesama F1, sehingga diperoleh F2, kemudian dilakukan test cross antara F1 dengan jagung srikandi kuning-1. Parameter yang digunakan adalah pengamatan gejala terserang virus dan uji serologi Indirect ELISA. Hasil pewarisan sifat tahan virus pada F2 dan test cross dianalisis dengan chi-kuadrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jagung induk Guluk-guluk tahan terhadap CMV sedangkan induk Srikandi kuning-1 rentan, dengan persentase serangan 87%. Seluruh anggota populasi F1 yang diuji tahan terhadap CMV, sedangkan pada populasi F2 dan test cross terjadi segregasi, sehingga terdapat anggota yang tahan maupun rentan. Hasil analisis dengan chi-kuadrat menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan tanaman jagung yang tahan dan rentan pada F2 (72:27) serta test cross (10:9) mengikuti hukum Mendel. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pewarisan gen ketahanan terhadap CMV pada persilangan jagung lokal Madura (Zea mays L. cv. Guluk-guluk) dan jagung srikandi (Zea mays L. cv. Srikandi kuning-1) bersifat dominan dan dikendalikan oleh gen tunggal.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of important crop in the world. In Indonesian, maize production has been increasing, however due to high consumption, its production is still imported from aboard. Madura island is the largest areal for maize production in East Java and has some local maize cultivars. One of Madura’s local maize is Guluk-guluk which has virus resistance, fast harvest and lasting storage. However its production is very low (1,4 t/ha). On the other hand, maize srikandi kuning-1 was reported have exellent and its product on about 6,17 t/ha, contain of protein (10,38 %), lisin (0, 477 %) and triptophan (0,095%), but long harvest age and not virus resistant. Virus infection reduced maize production until 62,2 %. Hence, it is important to improve the quality of Madura’s local maize by for resistant breeding. The aims of this research was to study on the inheritance of resistance gene virus in crosses between maize Madura’s local cultivar Guluk-guluk and Srikandi kuning-1. Guluk-guluk cultivar was provided by Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian East Java, while maize Srikandi kuning-1 was provided by Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia, Maros, South Sulawesi. Resiprocal breeding experiments were conducted between Guluk-guluk and Srikandi to obtain F1 population. To produce F2 population, F1 individuals were selfed. On the other hand, another F1 individuals were crossed to Srikandi kuning-1 to produce test cross population. The resistance to CMV in maize population was evaluated using symptoms observation and Enzym Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) analysis. Furthermore, the data of resistance to CMV in maize was analyzed using chi-square. Result of this research showed that Guluk-guluk maize exhibites resistance to CMV, while Srikandi kuning-1 maize was susceptible. All F1 plants showed resistance to CMV, while F2 and test cross populations showed segregation with ratio 3:1 (F2) and 1:1 (test cross). Seventy two individuals of offspring (F2) showed resistances and 27 were susceptible. Ten individuals of test cross indicated resistance and 9 plants susceptible. Based on chi-square analysis, it indicat that F2 (72:27) and test cross (10:9), demonstrated Mendel’s law. The results of the study revealed that inheritance of resistance gene to CMV in crosses of a Madura’s local maize (Zea mays L. cv. Guluk-guluk) and Srikandi maize (Zea mays L. cv. Srikandi kuning-1) is controlled by a single dominant gene.

Kata Kunci : jagung Guluk-guluk, jagung Srikandi kuning-1, gen resisten, CMV, Indirect ELISA, pewarisan gen, Guluk-guluk maize, Srikandi kuning-1 maize, CMV, indirect ELISA, gene inheritance