Higiene perorangan, fasilitas, proses pemotongan, dan angka lempeng total karkas ayam di rumah pemotongan ayam Ayam Product dan Broiler Arisa

NURHADI, Muhammad, Prof. drh. Setyawan Budiharta, MPH., Ph.D

2008 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Kerja

Latar belakang: Angka lempeng total (ALT) karkas ayam adalah salah satu indikator sanitasi lingkungan proses produksi di RPA. Sanitasi lingkungan merupakan bagian dari kesehatan lingkungan, juga menyangkut higiene perorangan. Berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia bahwa ALT karkas tidak melebihi 1x105 CFU/g. Suatu penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata ALT karkas ayam yang beredar di Yogyakarta sebesar 1x106 CFU/g. Hal ini berarti karkas tersebut masih rendah kualitas mikrobiologinya. Keadaan ini dapat dihubungkan dengan proses produksi, kelengkapan dan sanitasi fasilitas, serta higiene perorangan pekerjanya. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi higiene perorangan, kelengkapan dan sanitasi fasilitas, proses pemotongan, dan ALT/g karkas ayam di RPA “Ayam Product” dan “Broiler Arisa” yang berbeda kapasitas, serta mengevaluasi ALT karkas ayam produksi awal, tengah, dan akhir dari produksi harian kedua RPA tersebut. Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi komparatif. Subjek terdiri dari 24 orang pekerja RPA, fasilitas, proses produksi karkas, dan karkas ayam. Data tentang higiene perorangan pekerja diperoleh dari hasil pengisian kuesioner. Data tentang kelengkapan dan sanitasi fasilitas serta proses pemotongan diperoleh dengan pengamatan menggunakan lembar checklist. Pengambilan sampel karkas dilakukan dengan systematic random sampling dari awal, tengah, dan akhir pemotongan. ALT dari masing-masing karkas dihitung dengan plate count agar. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara deskiptif dan analitik menggunakan t-test, fisher’s exact test, kai kuadrat, dan one-way analysis of variance. Hasil: Higiene perorangan pekerja antara kedua RPA tidak berbeda secara signifikan dengan p > 0,05. Kedua RPA telah memenuhi 64,86 % dari seluruh item dalam checklist penilaian untuk kelengkapan fasilitas. Sedangkan untuk proses pemotongan, RPA “Ayam product” telah memenuhi 37,5% dan 50 % (RPA “Broiler Arisa”). Sedangkan mengenai ALT karkas ayam produksi kedua RPA, berbeda secara signifikan dengan p < 0,05. Hasil uji One Way of Variance ALT karkas berdasarkan waktu pemotongan menunjukkan hasil yang sangat signifikan p < 0,01. Kesimpulan: Penelitian ini menunjukkan : 1) tidak adanya perbedaan higiene perorangan pekerja dari kedua RPA yang berbeda kapasitas tersebut, 2) kedua RPA masih kurang dari standar fasilitas RPA, 3) kedua RPA masih kurang dari segi higiene proses pemotongannya, 4) adanya perbedaan ALT karkas ayam yang diproduksi oleh masing-masing RPA yang disebabkan oleh masih kurangnya aspek kelengkapan dan sanitasi lingkungan proses produksinya serta higiene proses pemotongannya; 5) perbedaan ALT berdasarkan waktu pemotongan disebabkan oleh adanya kontaminasi bakteri dari waktu pemotongan sebelumnya.

Background: Total plate count (TPC) of chicken carcass is one of environmental sanitation indicators under which the carcass is produced. Environmental sanitation is one part of the environmental health, it’s also concerning personal hygiene. According to the Indonesian National Standard, the TPC of such product should not be exceed 1x105 CFU/g. A study showed that the average of TPC among chicken carcasses sold in Yogyakarta market was 1x106 CFU/g. It means that the carcasses were of low microbiological quality. This figure could be attributed to the condition of the production process including the completeness and sanitation of facilities and the personal hygiene of workers. Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate workers personal hygiene, the completeness and sanitation of facilities, slaughtering process, and TPC/g of the carcasses produced by two chicken slaughterhouses of different capacities, “Ayam Product” and “Boiler Arisa”. TPC of the carcasses produced in the early, middle and late time of production days of the two slaughterhouse was also evaluated. Method: This was a comparative study. Subjects consisted of 24 workers, facilities of the slaughterhouse, the process of carcass production, and the chicken carcasses. Workers personal hygiene data were obtained by means of questionnaire. The data in the completeness of the facility and it’s sanitation and the process were obtained by observation using a checklist sheet. Whole-carcass samples were collected using systematic random sampling from the early, middle, and end of the slaughtering time. TPC of each carcass was counted on plate count agar. Data were analysed descriptively and analytically with t-test, fisher’s exact test, chi square, and one-way analysis of variance where suitable. Results: No significant different (p > 0,05) in personal hygiene scores was found between the two slaughterhouses. Both slaughterhouses fulfilled 64,86 % of all items in the evaluation checklist for completeness of the facility. "Ayam Product" and "Broiler Arisa" fulfilled, respectively, 37,5% and 50 % of all items listed for slaughtering process. However, using t-test and χ2, significant differences (p < 0,05) were found in the TPC between the two slaughterhouses. One-way analysis of variance for the TPC of the carcass based on the slaughtering time revealed highly significant result (p < 0,01). Conclusion: This study showed : 1) no difference in the personal hygiene of workers of two slaughterhouses of different capacity, 2) both slaughterhouses did not not fulfill the slaughterhouse standard facilities, 3) both slaughterhouses have not fulfilled of the slaughtering hygiene, 4) the difference in the TPC of each of the two slaughterhouses is attributed to the completeness and sanitation of produce process and slaughtering process hygiene, and 5) the differences of TPC based on the slaughtering time is caused by bacterial contamination in the premises by previous slaughter

Kata Kunci : Higine perorangan,Rumah pemotongan ayam,Angka lempeng total,Karkas ayam