Persepsi masyarakat terhadap masalah gizi buruk dan pemanfaatan Posyandu sebagai fasilitas pemantauan status gizi balita di wilayah kota Padang

ERMANETI, Toto Sudargo, SKM, M.Kes

2008 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat

Latar Belakang: Gizi buruk pada balita berisiko pada kematian, dimana (54%) kematian tersebut berhubungan dengan kurang gizi. Masalah gizi buruk masih menjadi masalah utama di Indonesia. Prevalensi gizi buruk pada balita di Indonesia tertinggi di ASEAN, (8,3%) tahun 2003, (8,8%) tahun 2005 . Gagal tumbuh pada masa balita akan mengganggu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan otak, dan akan berakibat buruk pada kehidupan berikutnya yang sulit untuk diperbaiki. Posyandu sebagai sebagai sarana pemantauan tumbuh kembang balita, kurang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Penimbangan balita tahun 2007 di Kota Padang 43.93%, di wilayah kerja puskesmas Nanggalo terdapat 5,44% balita yang BGM dari 30,96% balita yang ditimbang. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengkaji secara mendalam persepsi masyarakat tentang masalah gizi buruk dan manfaat posyandu sebagai fasilitas untuk memantau status gizi balita. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan Rapid Assessment Procedure (RAP), yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui Diskusi Kelompok Terarah (DKT) dengan subjek utama ibu balita. Untuk mendapatkan keabsahan data dilakukan triangulasi sumber kepada ayah balita, tokoh masyarakat dan kader posyandu, di wilayah puskesmas Nanggalo Kota Padang Propinsi Sumatera Barat. Analisis data dilakukan berdasarkan tematik dengan pendekatan content analysis. Hasil dan Pembahasan : Persepsi masyarakat tentang gizi buruk secara umum masih keliru. Gizi buruk pada balita digambarkan sebagai suatu keadaan fisik yang kurus dengan disertai dengan gejala klinis yang sudah parah seperti busung lapar. Gizi buruk dipandang berbahaya dan merupakan suatu ancaman, yang disebabkan oleh faktor ekonomi dan terutama pola asuh. Pemanfaatan posyandu masih rendah disebabkan oleh persepsi masyarakat terhadap penimbangan tidak penting, pelaksanaan posyandu dalam jam sibuk, belum adanya kerjasama dan koordinasi tokoh masyarakat, dan tersedianya dokter dan bidan untuk mendapat pelayanan yang sama. Kondisi tersebut disebabkan rendahnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang gizi buruk dan manfaat posyandu. Kesimpulan : Persepsi masyarakat terhadap gizi buruk adalah keadaan fisik yang kurus disertai gejala klinis yang sudah parah seperti busung lapar. Posyandu dianggap kurang bermanfaat dan tidak bisa mencegah terjadinya gizi buruk.

Background: Malnutrition among children under five years of age increases the risk for mortality. It is because 54% of mortality among children under 5 years of age is caused by malnutrition. Data on 2003 showed that the prevalence of malnutrition among children under five years of age in Indonesia was the highest among South East Asian countries (8,3%), (8,8%) on 2005. The problem become a hidden treath to the quality of generation because malnutrition during the first five year of life of children will affect growth and brain development. The failure will be unrevitalizable. Integrated service post as facility for monitoring growth and development of children under five years of age is less utilized by the community in Padang. The proportion of children under 5 years of age who attended the integrated service post in 2007 at Padang Municipality was only 43.93%. Objective: To deeply assess the perception of community about problems of malnutrition and the utilization of integrated service post as facility for monitoring nutrition status of children under five. Method: This qualitative study used Rapid Assessment Procedure design. Data were obtained through focus group discussion with mothers of children under five as the main subject. To achieve data validity, resource triangulation was made to fathers of children under five, community leaders and cadres of integrated service post at the working area of Nanggalo Health Center, Padang Municipality, Sumatera Barat. Data analysis was done thematically using content analysis approach. Result and Discussion: In general the community had improper perception about malnutrition i.e. it was described as tinny with serious clinical symptoms as hunger oedema. Malnutrition was perceived as a danger and a threat caused by economic factor and rearing pattern in particular. The utilization of integrated service post was still relatively low because the community considered that routine weight monitoring was unimportant, integrated service post was implemented during busy hours, there was no cooperation and coordination among community leaders, and unavailability of doctors and midwives to get equal service. These conditions were caused by limited knowledge of the community about malnutrition and the benefit of integrated service post. Conclusion: The community perceived malnutrition as thinny with serious clinical symptoms such as hunger oedema. Integrated service post was perceived less beneficial and unable to prevent the prevalence of malnutrition.

Kata Kunci : Gizi buruk,Posyandu,Balita,Persepsi masyarakat, malnutrition, integrated service post, children under five, perception