Fenomena keterlibatan anak-anak sebagai 'Pasukan Cilik' dalam konflik kekerasan di Ambon

TALAKUA, Rizard Jemmy, Dr. Nanang Pamuji Mugasejati

2008 | Tesis | S2 Ketahanan Nasional

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui alasan keterlibatan anak-anak sebagai 'pasukan cilik' dalam konflik kekerasan di Ambon; perubahan sikap dan perilaku anak-anak dalam konflik; dan bentuk resolusi yang telah dilakukan terhadap anak-anak sebagai pelaku kekerasan. Dalam tesis ini penulis mendefenisikan 'pasukan cilik' adalah anak-anak yang berusia dibawah 18 tahun yang terlibat dalam konflik kekerasan secara emosional dan sadar, sukarela, terorganisir, melakukan tindakan offensive dan defensive dan merupakan bagian dari milisia-milisia dalam konflik kekerasan di Ambon. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif eksploratif dan bersifat kualitatif, dengan menggunakan tiga instrumen pengumpulan data yaitu: observasi, wawancara mendalam, diskusi kelompok terarah (focus group discussionsFGD), dan wawancara Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konflik kekerasan di Ambon telah memperlihatkan fenomena keterlibatan anak-anak kelompok umur 9-16 tahun sebagai pelaku kekerasan. Keterlibatan anak-anak pada awalnya hanya merupakan suatu gerakan spontanitas dan emosional yang bersifat pragmatis saja, namun terus berkembang dan terorganisir. Nilai-nilai dan spirit yang dianut oleh anak-anak adalah mengafirmasi dan menjustifikasi pelibatan mereka sebagai kehormatan agama dan keluarga. Anak-anak menjadi sangat berani, tidak takut mati dan militan serta didukung semangat heroisme yang kuat. Anakanak mengalami brain washing akibat pemaknaan epistem konflik yang keliru. Proses pelibatan anak dan tindakannya sebagai ‘pasukan cilik’ dalam konflik Ambon terjadi dalam 4 tahapan, yakni : (1) tahap identifikasi; (2) tahap adaptasi; (3) tahap eksploitasi; dan (4) tahap pengorganisasian. Terdapat enam variabel penting yang memberi kontribusi bagi pelibatan anak-anak dalam konflik kekerasan di Ambon. Pada level makro : (1) agama/budaya : ekslusifisme agama, konstruksi kolonial, segmentasi, kultur premanisme, dan perwatakan orang Ambon; (2) politik : kultur politik, pewacanaan ideologi agama dan separatis, negara lemah, dan sentimen agama; dan (3) kebijakan : pendekatan militeristik, netralitas aparat, provokasi pers/media. Serta pada level mikro : (1) komunitas : segregation in mind, menguatnya identitas kelompok, perlindungan alternatif, solidaritas golongan, mobilisasi massa, dan social bonding; (2) keluarga : fanatisme agama, lemahnya institusi keluarga, pendidikan, dan komposisi keluarga; dan (3) konteks psikososial : menjadi korban, saksi kekerasan, solidaritas kelompok, mis-persepsi, agresif, emosional, dan stress. Resolusi terhadap keterlibatan anak-anak telah dilaksanakan oleh beberapa lembaga swadaya masyarakat sebagai upaya rehabilitasi melalui kegiatan pembinaan dan pendampingan.

This research is aimed at finding the determinants of children involvement as "child paramilitary militias" in the violent conflict in Ambon, including the change on behavior and attitude and the form of resolution conducted by children as violence executors. "Child paramilitary militia" is defined as children under the age of 18 who get involved in the violent conflict, which is based on emotional state and awareness of performing it and voluntarily join up the conflicting group. They are also well-organized and conduct many offensive and defensive actions and become a part of paramilitary militias in the violent conflict in Ambon. The research is a descriptive and explorative research which is qualitative. Besides, the research uses three instruments for data collection as follows; observation, indepth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and interviews. The research results indicate that the violent conflict in Ambon already shows a phenomenon of children involvement at the age of 9-16 as violent executors. The children involvement is initially spontaneous, driven by an emotional action which tends to be pragmatic, but it develops to be more organized. The values and spirit embraced by the children affirm and justify their involvement as a way to uphold their religion and to honor their family. The children become more courageous, militant, and never afraid of being killed, which is supported by a strong sense of heroism. Those children undergo a kind of brainwashing due to wrong epistemic perception of the conflict. The process of children involvement and their actions as child paramilitary militias in Ambon conflict is conducted within 4 phases as follows (1) identification phase, (2) adaptation phase, (3) exploitation phase, and (4) organization phase. Six variables contribute to the children involvement in the violent conflict in Ambon. At the macro level, it covers (1) religion/culture; religion exclusivism, colonial construction, segmentation, hoodlum culture, characters of Ambon people; (2) politics; political culture, religion and separatism discourse, weak state and religion sentiment; and (3) policies; militaristic approach, military officials’ neutrality, provocation from mass media and journalists. Whereas at the micro level, it covers (1) community; segregation in mind, strengthened group identity, alternative protection, group solidarity, mass mobilization, and social bonding; (2) family; religion fanaticism, weak institutions of household, education and household composition; and (3) psycho-social context such as becoming a violent victim, violence witness, group solidarity, misperception, and being aggressive, emotional and stressed. The resolution of children involvement has been implemented by several non-governmental organizations as rehabilitation efforts through partnering and assistance programs.

Kata Kunci : Fenomena anak,Pasukan Cilik,Konflik,Kekerasan,phenomenon, children, child paramilitary militia, violent conflict