Pengaruh sistem distribusi terhadap mutu Kakao Rakyat (Theobroma cacao. L) di Kabupaten Buru Provinsi Maluku

SAIMINA, Rohani, Prof. Dr. Ir. Purnama Darmadji, M.Sc

2008 | Tesis | S2 Teknologi Hasil Perkebunan

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji aspek budidaya, pasca panen, kelembagaan dan pemasaran dalam kaitan dengan mutu kakao, mengidentifikasi jalur distribusi dan mutu kakao pada setiap jalur distribusi, dan menentukan jalur distribusi yang menghasilkan mutu kakao yang baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan penelitian survei dan uji laboratorium, survei menggunakan kuesioner dan teknik pengambilan sampelnya dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Uji laboratorium untuk analisis sifat fisik dan kimia biji kakao dari petani, pedagang pengumpul dan pedagang besar. Hasil penelitian survei menunjukan bahwa pada tingkat petani dan pedagang masih ditemukan permasalahan. Sistem budidaya, penanganan pasca panen belum dilakukan sesuai anjuran yang berorientasi pada mutu. Faktor kelembagaan tidak berperan dalam pelayanan petani dalam peningkatan produksi, perbaikan mutu dan pemasaran. Terdapat 2 jalur distribusi kakao dan terjadi perbedaan mutu di setiap jalur distribusi. Selama petani belum mampu meningkatkan mutu maka jalur distribusi I (Petani – pedagang pengumpul – pedagang besar – Eksportir) adalah yang lebih baik. Hasil penelitian laboratorium menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan signifikan (p < 0.05) diantara jalur distribusi terhadap kadar air, kadar lemak, kadar biji pecah, kadar biji berjamur, kadar benda asing. Sedangkan rata-rata persentase kadar air tertinggi dan terendah terdapat pada petani (10,32%) dan pedagang besar (7,45%), kadar lemak tertinggi dan terendah terdapat pada pedagang besar (41,55%) dan petani (29,11%), kadar biji pecah tertinggi dan terendah terdapat pada petani (1,46%) dan pedagang besar (0,08%), biji berjamur tertinggi dan terendah terdapat pada petani (2,03%) dan pedagang besar (0,10%), kadar benda asing tertinggi dan terendah terdapat pada petani (0,55%) dan pedagang besar (0,02%), dan rata-rata kadar theobromin tertinggi dan terendah terdapat pada petani (0,025%) dan pedagang besar (0,021%). Mutu biji kakao ditingkat petani termasuk mutu III, IV, ditingkat pedagang pengumpul termasuk mutu II dan III sedangkan ditingkat pedagang besar termasuk mutu II.

The present research was aimed to study cultivation, post-harvest, institutional and marketing aspects related to cacao quality; identify the distribution lines and cacao quality in the individual distribution, and decide distribution lines with good cacao quality. It was conducted through survey and laboratory test, survey by using questionnaires. Samples were taken through purposive sampling technique, and laboratory test was performed to analyze physical and chemical properties of cacao seeds from farmers, suppliers and wholesalers. Results of survey showed that at the farmer and trader leves, problems had been still found yet. Cultivation system, post-harvest handling had not been performed based on quality-oriented oritentation. Institutional factors did not have roles in improving farmers’ quality. Institutional factor with no role to serve farmers in increasing production, quality and marketing improvement. Two distribution lines of cacao and differences in quality were found in individual distribution. As long as farmers had no capacity to improve the qua lity, then distribution line I (Farmer – collector – wholesaler – Exporter) was considered as better. Results of laboratory study showed that there was significant difference (p < 0.05) between distribution lines on water content, fat content, broken seed content, moldy seed contents, strange material content. While the average percentage of highest and lowest water contents were found at farmer (10.32% ) and wholesaler levels (7.45%), respectively; the highest and the lowest fat contents were found at wholesaler (41.55%) and farmer levels (29.11%), respectively; the highest and the lowest broken seed contents were found at farmer (1.46%) and wholesaler level (0.08%), respectively; the highest and the lowest moldy seeds were found at farmer (2.03%) and wholesaler levels (0.10%),respectively; the highest and the lowest strange material content were found at farmer (0.55%) and wholesaler levels (0.02%), respectively, and the highest and the lowest theobromin content average were found at farmer (0.025%) and the wholesale levels (0.021%), respectively. The qualities of cacao seeds at farmer level were at grades III, IV, at collector level were at grades II and III, while at wholesaler level was at grade II.

Kata Kunci : Kakao,Penanganan pasca panen,Jalur distribusi,distribution line, quality, cacao