Distribusi spasial kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang pada Balita di Kecamatan Mapat Tunggul Kabupaten Pasaman tahun 2007

RIZAL, Yose, Prof.dr. Hari Kusnanto, DrPH

2008 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat (Epidemiologi Lapanga

Latar Belakang : Angka kejadian gizi kurang dan gizi buruk di Kabupaten Pasaman mencapai 17,6% pada tahun 2006. Prevalensi gizi kurang dan gizi buruk paling tinggi ditemukan di Kecamatan Mapat Tunggul, yakni 27,4 %. Angka ini jauh lebih tinggi di bandingkan angka 15,6% di Propinsi Sumatera Barat dan angka nasional sebesar 8,5%. Untuk mengatasi persoalan gizi tersebut perlu dipahami faktor – faktor risiko berkaitan dengan karakteristik keluarga dan distribusi spasial tempat tinggal keluarga yang menderita gizi kurang dan gizi buruk Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor–faktor risiko penderita gizi kurang dan gizi buruk dengan pemahaman tentang distribusi spasial untuk mengidentifikasi pengelompokan (Clustering) kerawanan kurang gizi, berkaitan dengan topografi wilayah dan produktivitas lahan pertanian. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian survei cross sectional dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Mapat Tunggul dengan sampel meliputi balita dengan gizi kurang dan gizi buruk. Data variabel bebas yang dikumpulkan adalah, pendidikan kepala keluarga, pekerjaan kepala keluarga, pendapatan kepala keluarga, jumlah anggota keluarga, dan jarak tempat tinggal dengan fasilitas kesehatan. Lokasi tempat tinggal subjek penelitian di tentukan dengan GPS ( Global Positioning System ) Hasil : Pola penyebaran kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang terbanyak berada di wilayah kenagarian yang memiliki lahan pertanian yang kurang, akses ke fasilitas pelayanan yang lebih dari 9 kilometer serta jauh dari pusat wilayah kecamatan. Menurut data yang dikumpulkan, 81,4% pemanfaatan lahan pertanian kurang, 79,4% jarak tempat tinggal jauh dari fasilitas kesehatan, 71,6 % pendidikan orang tua balita hanya tingkat SD, 80,4% pekerjaan orang tua balita petani, dan 94,6 % pendapatan orang tua balita kurang Rp.1 juta Hasil uji statistik dengan Chi Square Test didapatkan ada hubungan antara pemanfaatan lahan pertanian, jarak fasilitas kesehatan pendidikan dan pekerjaan orang tua balita dengan kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang di Kecamatan Mapat Tunggul Tahun 2007. Pendapatan orang tua balita tidak berhubungan dengan kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang. Kesimpulan : Pola penyebaran kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang terdapat pada wilayah dengan lahan pertanian terbatas serta akses yang kurang terhadap pelayanan, disamping itu lahan pertanian, jarak fasilitas kesehatan, pendidikan, pekerjaan orang tua balita berhubungan dengan kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang di Kecamatan Mapat Tunggul tahun 2007, sedangkan pendapatan orang tua balita tidak berhubungan dengan kasus gizi buruk dan gizi kurang.

Background: The Prevalence malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the district of Pasaman was reached up to 17,6% in the year of 2006. The highest prevalence of malnutrition and severe malnutrition was found in Mapat Tunggul sub district that was 27,4%. This rate is higher than 15,6% in the province of west sumatera and national rate of 8,5%. In order to solve the nutrition problem, factors that are related with family characteristic and special distribution of residence of family who suffered from malnutrition and severe malnutrition need to be understood. Objective: This research was aimed to identify risk factors of malnutrition and severe malnutrition patients with consideration in special distribution in order to identify clustering of malnutrition risk which is related with area topography and productivity of farming land. Method: This was a cross sectional survey that was implemented in sub district of Mapat Tunggul with sample that consist of children under five years old with malnutrition and severe malnutrition. The independent variable that was collected was head of family’s education, job, income, number of family, and distance of residence with school facility. The location of subject’s residence was determined with GPS (Global Positioning System). Result: The most cases of malnutrition and severe malnutrition were the lound the area thet is of farming land, access to service facility which was more than 9 km as well as far from the central of the district area. According to the collected data, 81,4% utilization of farming land was still less, 79,4% of the residence was far from health facility, 71,6% education of children under five years old parents was only in the level of primary school, 80,4% of parent’s job was only farmer and 94,6% of children under five years old parent’s income was less than Rp 1 million. The result of statistic test with chi square test showed that there was a correlation between the utilization of farming land, the distance of education health facility and job of children under five years old parents with malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the sub district of Mapat Tunggul in the year of 2007. On the other hand, the income of children under five years old parents did not have relationship with malnutrition and severe malnutrition. Conclusion: The most cases pattern of malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the area with limited farming land and lack of access toward service, also if has been observed that faming land, the distance of health facility, education, job of parent’s of children under five years old had relationship with malnutrition and severe malnutrition in the sub district of Mapat Tunggul in the year of 2007 while the income of children under five years old parents did not have relationship with malnutrition and severe malnutrition.

Kata Kunci : Sistem Informasi Kesehatan,SIG,Gizi Buruk, spacial distribution on malnutrition and severe malnutrition of Pasaman district