Budaya Politik dan Kebijakan Publik :: Kasus Penataan Kawasan Wisata Pantai Parangtritis Yogyakarta
ZAINUDIN, Prof. Dr. Sunyoto Usman
2007 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu PolitikSelama puluhan tahun, tanah Sultan Ground (SG) seluas 60,5 ha yang berada di Dusun Mancingan Desa Parangtritis telah menjadi tumpuan hidup masyarakat setempat. Keberadaannya sekaligus menimbulkan persoalan yang serius antara masyarakat setempat, Pemda Bantul dan Keluarga Hamengkubuwono VII sebagai pemilik syah tanah tersebut. Kebijakan penataan kawasan wisata terhadap tanah SG yang sekaligus menjadi sumber PAD terbesar tersebut berada di tangan Pemda Bantul, dan mulai terealisasi pada akhir tahun 2006 lalu, memaksa warga setempat meninggalkan rumah dan pekerjaannya. Realisasi penataan tersebut diawali dengan penggusuran tahap pertama terhadap sejumlah 8 KK di wilayah RT 03 dan 05 pada tanggal 31 Oktober 2006. Kebijakan penataan ini juga mengancam rumah/bangunan sebagian besar warga Dusun Mancingan (480 KK), karena dalam jangka panjang, sebagian besar wilayah Dusun Mancingan (90%) masuk dalam kawasan penataan. Pada tahap pertama (tahun 2006-2007), Pemda mendata sebanyak 91 KK yang harus meninggalkan kawasan tersebut. Tentu saja, kebijakan tersebut melahirkan reaksi penolakan serius dari warga, bahkan Pemda dianggap telah merampas hak-hak warga. Reaksi ini ditunjukkan dalam berbagai aksi, mulai dari unjuk rasa sampai pembentukan lembaga kemasyarakatan Ngudi Makmur yang dipelopori oleh para tokoh masyarakat dan LSM-LSM seperti Pataka, LBH Yogyakarta dan lain-lain. Berangkat dari latar yang demikian, tesis ini digarap berdasarkan kepaduan antara tinjauan, kajian, analisis dan pemaparan yang akurat terhadap dua persoalan pokok penelitian, yaitu (1) bagaimana kecenderungan budaya politik masyarakat kawasan penataan; dan (2) bagaimana implikasi budaya politik tersebut terhadap kebijakan penataan. Dua persoalan tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan data primer dan sekunder dengan menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif deskriptif, melalui wawancara (21 responden) maupun kuesioner (100 responden). Hasil penelitian ini berhasil merangkum dua poin penting. Pertama, terdapat perbedaan mendasar budaya politik masyarakat kawasan penataan antara sebelum dan sesudah terealisasinya kebijakan penataan. Sebelum terealisasi, budaya politik masyarakat cenderung subyek, dan tidak mempu membawa pengaruh apa pun bagi sistem politik. Alasannya, masyarakat cenderung pasif terutama dalam input politik dan hanya aktif pada output politik. Masyarakat juga tidak memiliki kepedulian terhadap sistem politik dan tidak menyisakan sedikit pun waktu untuk terlibat dalam kegiatan-kegiatan dan arena politik. Dalam beberapa hal seperti pemberian suara saat Pemilu, meskipun warga terlibat, namun tidak memiliki kesadaran yang cukup terhadap sistem politik yang sedang berlangsung. Setelah terealisasi kebijakan penataan, masyarakat mulai menunjukkan sikap aktif terutama dalam memperjuangkan hak-haknya, yang diwujudkan melalui pembentukan Ngudi Makmur sebagai wadah perjuangan. Kehadiran Ngudi Makmur menjadi ikon perjuangan yang kemudian mengarahkan langkah warga untuk melakukan berbagai aksi unjuk rasa, baik ke Pemda Bantul maupun ke DPRD dan gubernur DIY. Kedua, implikasi tak terelakkan dari budaya partisipasi warga adalah terpenuhinya beberapa hal tuntutan warga. Adanya kebijakan penataan meningkatkan peran politik warga untuk mempengaruhi kebijakan Pemda. Dalam masyarakat, lahir tindakan dan aksi dalam usaha mempengaruhi kebijakan penataan dengan melakukan aksi unjuk rasa/demontrasi kepada pihak-pihak terkait, terlebih warga menilai telah menjatuhkan pilihan politiknya saat pemilihan kepala daerah. Dalam berbagai aksinya, warga menunjukkan sikap lantang dan keberanian yang tinggi untuk menyampaikan tuntutan-tuntutan, antara lain pelaksanaan kebijakan penataan tanpa penggusuran, pemberian ganti rugi yang layak, tidak membedabedakan antara warga Bantul dan non Bantul dalam hal pemberian ganti rugi/tempat relokasi, dan lain-lain. Artinya, masyarakat telah menunjukkan peran sebagai media partisipasi politik, mengadakan kontrol terhadap kekuasaan (pemerintah), dan melakukan upaya pemberdayan serta advokasi hak-hak politik, bahkan mampu berperan sebagai wadah yang efektif bagi penyelesaian masalah publik.
Sultan Ground (SG), a piece of land as large as 6.5 ha. located in Mancingan in the area of Parangtritis Village has been a home and a living source for the local people for years. Its existence, however, has been raising serious problem between the villagers, the district government, and the official owner of the land, Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII. The policy for tourism area arrangement project on SG with its benefit as the largest district income contributor is controlled by Bantul district government, and it has been accomplished in the end of 2006. This project has forced the local people to leave their homes and occupation. The execution of the tourism arrangement planning was preceded by the stage-1 removal of 8 families in the territory of RT (sub-administrative territory in a village) 03 and 05 on October 31st, 2006. This tourism arrangement policy has also posed threat for most of local people’s houses/buildings in Mancingan (480 families) since that for the long-term planning, the largest part of Mancingan (90%) is included into the area of tourism arrangement. At stage-1 (2006 – 2007), the district government listed as many as 91 families to be removed from the intended area. Inevitably, this policy raised serious reaction of rejection from the villagers. They perceived that the government had robed the residents’ rights. Such reaction was expressed in several actions, from strikes to the founding of community association Ngudi Makmur pioneered by public figures and the independent social institution (LSM) such as Pataka, LBH Yogyakarta, and many others. With those concerns mentioned above, this thesis is written in accordance to the coherence of the accurate review, study, analysis and exposition on two main subjects of the study, which are: (1) the inclination of the community’s political culture in the tourism arrangement area; and (2) the implication of the political culture toward the arrangement policy. Those problem formulations are analyzed based on the primary and secondary data and using descriptive qualitative analysis method through interviews (21 respondents) and questioners (100 respondents). The findings resulted from the research has concluded two major points. First, there is essential difference between the community’s political culture in the arrangement area before and after the execution of the arrangement policy. Before the project realization, the community’s political culture was inclined to subject action and had no effect on the existing political system whatsoever. This was so, given the fact that the community tended to be passive agent in political input and only active in political output. The community also has no awareness of the political system and hasn’t given some time to be involved in political activities or political arena. In some occasions such as voting in general election—even though they take part in it— they have insufficient awareness of the current political system. At the realization of the arrangement policy, the community started to show active response particularly in defending their rights manifested into the founding of Ngudi Makmur as an organization for the fight. The presence of Ngudi Makmur has become the icon of the fight for rights that directs the villagers’ action in performing various protests toward Bantul government, DPRD (District Legislative Assembly), and the governor of DIY. Second, the inevitable implication from the community participation culture was the fulfillment of several points of the villagers’ demands. The issue of arrangement policy has increased the villagers’ political role to affect district government’s political decision. Within the community, an action and response in affecting the arrangement policy has arisen through some protest actions or strikes toward the related institution with the awareness that they have made their political decision during the election for the head of district government. In their actions, the community showed out loud response and courage to express their demands comprising the execution of tourism arrangement project without villagers’ removal, reasonable financial compensation, equal payment and relocation for Bantul citizen and non-Bantul citizen, etc. This means that the community has performed a role as political participation media, performed a control for the power-in-charge (government), and had an effort toward participative role as well as political rights advocacy. It is even capable of playing role as effective media for public matter settlement.
Kata Kunci : Budaya Politik,Kebijakan publik, Political Culture, Public Policy, Society Participation
